Systems for the control and use of fluids and particles

ABSTRACT

The configuration of a feedstock material is controlled by bringing it into contact with at least a first gas moving against it at a location with an area and thickness of the feedstock liquid that forms drops or fibers of a selected size. In one embodiment, drops of agricultural input materials are formed for spraying on agricultural fields. In another embodiment, nanofibers of materials such as chitosan or metals are formed. In another embodiment seeds are planted with gel. In another embodiment particles carrying desired agricultural inputs with modified release characteristics are delivered.

RELATED CASES

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/405,603 filed Apr. 17, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/109,398 filed Apr. 19, 2005, in the names of John Alvin Eastin, et al., for SYSTEMS FOR THE CONTROL AND USE OF FLUIDS AND PARTICLES.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the forming, shaping, control and use of fluids, fibers and particles such as for example the formulation of a pesticide, shaping it into droplets, and the distribution of the droplets over a field to control pests or the formulation of a soluble chitosan, the shaping of it into fibers or mats or sheets and the use of the fibers, mats and sheets such as for example in biomedical applications.

It is known to shape and spray fluids and suspensions with spraying systems. In some applications, the fluids and suspensions are formed into droplets or aerosols and sprayed by the spraying systems. In other applications, the fluids form fibers, or powders or particles.

One use of such spraying systems is to apply agricultural inputs to agricultural fields. Commonly, the spraying systems include vehicles that carry the agricultural inputs and spray equipment that apply from the vehicle through fixtures supported by booms on the vehicle. The spray equipment may includes pumps for air and for the agricultural inputs.

In one type of prior art spaying system for this use, the vehicles used to spray the agricultural fields carry large volumes of diluted active ingredients because it is difficult to spray more concentrated forms of the active ingredient and may be outfitted with a high pressure source of air and/or fluid requiring one or more relatively large pumps to spray the liquid containing the active ingredient because high pressure air and/or liquid pressure is needed to form the desired spray and a large volume of liquid containing the active ingredient must be pumped. In some such systems, the fixtures or nozzles are relatively high above the target for the spray to permit the cone of fluid to provide an adequate area of coverage with the spray. Usually the cone angle is determined by the nozzle and has a limited angle. One reason for diluting the active ingredient is because existing spray equipment used in agriculture cannot spray viscous material with the desired size drops and drop distribution and accurate low volume equipment is not economically available.

The prior art spray systems have several disadvantages such as for example: (1) they require vehicles carrying the agricultural inputs to carry heavier than desirable weights of agricultural inputs with the associated water carrier; (2) they require the replenishment of the supply of agricultural inputs carried by the spray vehicles periodically, thus increasing the time and expense of spraying; (3) they cannot be used for the application of some beneficial microbes because the microbes are killed by the high pressure used in the prior art techniques for application of agricultural inputs; (4) the low viscosity agricultural inputs drift when sprayed; (5) some of the carriers used for dilution, such as water, have high surface tension and form beads on contact rather than spreading such as over a leaf; (6) the low viscosity sprayed drops tend to break up because of low shear resistance, thus forming smaller drops that are subject to increased drift; (7) some of the carriers used for dilution, such as water, have unpredictable mineral content and pH variations; (8) the angle of the cone of sprayed fluid from the nozzles is small thus requiring the nozzle to be positioned at a high elevation above the spray target to obtain adequate coverage but the high elevation increases drift; (9) the use of some carriers for dilution in some circumstances causes precipitation of active ingredients (10) the prior art systems cannot effectively spray some particles such as particles that have absorbed active ingredients in them that are to be released at a later time and/or environmental condition or over a timed interval; (11) the angle over which the spray is released for hydraulic nozzles is less flexible in prior art nozzles resulting in target coverage limitations; (12) the conventional high pressure hydraulic atomization nozzles used result in excessive nozzle wear and consequential variations in the distribution rate and frequent changes in nozzles; and (13) sprayer vehicle speed is limited by the pressure because higher pressures are required for high rates of application and there are pressure limitations on the system components.

Spray apparatuses are known for spraying viscous materials. This type of spraying apparatus has not generally been adapted for use in spraying agricultural inputs. Moreover, the known spraying apparatus for spraying viscous materials is not readily adjustable for different size droplets or particles or viscosity of the droplets and is not equipped with a convenient mechanism to adjust drop size or pattern or viscosity of the drops in the field as appropriate and thus reduce drift by conveniently adjusting drop size and viscosity in accordance with circumstances such as wind speed, distance of spray fixture from the spray target, or speed such as for example by ground vehicle or airplane.

It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,579 B2 to form small particles by flowing a hardenable liquid through small needles. The needles are mounted near an opening in a chamber containing pressurized gas so that the hardenable liquid flows from the needle while at the same time pressurized gas flows through the opening in the chamber parallel to the liquid flowing from the needle. This results in the liquid being formed into thin microjets, becoming unstable and breaking into small particles. This process is used to form encapsulated foods and the like and to form small hollow spheres. This patent does not disclose the making of nanofibers. The process disclosed in this patent has the disadvantages of being limited to small encapsulated particles and low volume production.

It is known from U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,520,331; 6,598,802 B2; and 6,241,164 B1 to form bubbles and to burst the bubbles to form a chemical mist for fire suppression. It is suggested that the disclosed apparatus could be used for other applications requiring a chemical mist including the application of chemicals to plant life.

The apparatuses and process disclosed in these patents have a disadvantage in that they are not adapted for use with viscous materials nor to adjust drop size and distribution in a manner suitable for the application of many agricultural inputs.

It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,993 to form drops of agricultural inputs at low pressures by pumping a stream of agricultural input from the center of a stream of air in the same direction as the flow of air. Other jets of air are directed at the stream of agricultural inputs from the side. This prior art device has the disadvantage of requiring the agricultural input to be pumped through a narrow conduit under pressure into the stream of air and thus is limited in handling viscous agricultural products, semisolids and mixtures of semisolids and particles.

It is known to form nanofibers using electrospinning techniques. In the prior art method of forming nanofibers by electrospinning, fluids are drawn into small diameter fluid ligaments or columns and dried to form the fibers. The prior techniques for forming nanofibers have disadvantages in that they are not suitable for forming nanofibers of some materials because of limitations on conductivity, dielectric constant and surface tension. The electric potential to adequately draw the viscous fluid is close to the break down potential of air and the system causes corona discharge before the fibers can be formed.

It is known to use chitosan as a biodegradable structural member, particularly in medical applications. Chitosan is a hydrolyzed product of chitin, that is antifungal, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, and immune-activating. Chitin is a common naturally occurring material formed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units, and chitosan is obtained by a chitin hydrolysis process. Chitosan fibers and mats of chitosan are thus formed by electrospinning of chitosan solutions. However, conventional chitosan solutions are undesirable for electrospinning because of their high conductivity, viscosity and surface tension. Other difficulties with putting chitosan in solution are toxicity of some solutions. While chitosan has long been known to form viscous gels in carboxylic acids such as acetic, formic, and ascorbic acid, as well as in mineral acids, it is not soluble in either water or basic solutions. In addition, all organic solvents with the notable exception of a 3 to 1 mixture of dimethyleformamide and dinitrogen tetroxide, and some fluorine-containing solvents, which are both costly and toxic are also unable to dissolve chitosan regardless of its degree of deacetylation (DA).

It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,695,992 B2 to form nanofibers by directing an air flow against a film on a flat surface. However, with the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,695,992, only relatively short fibers have been obtained and at times the fibers stick to one another. When attempts have been made to keep the fibers separate by electrodynamic force, the fibers stuck to each other rather than being kept separate.

In certain applications, fiber deposits require a specific orientation, and there have been several prior art techniques to induce such type of structural ordering. Tanase, et al., Magnetic Trapping and Self-Assembly of Multicomponent Nanowires, “Journal of Applied Physics”; May 15, 2002, v. 91, issue 10, pp. 8549-8551, discloses a technique that uses magnetic fields to align suspended nickel nanowires in solution. In electrospinning, grounded wheel-like bobbin collectors were used to align polyethylene oxide nanofibers. This method has one disadvantage, namely that it is impossible to adjust the rotational speed of the collector to ensure that fibers remain “continuous” i.e. without snapping due to a mismatch between the fiber deposition rate and the bobbin's angular velocity.

It is known from Chitosan-Coating of Cellulosic Materials Using an Aqueous Chitosan-CO ₂ Solution Sakai et al “Polymer Journal”, v. 34, n. 3, pp 144-148 (2002) to coat paper and fibers with chitosan prepared in part by bubbling carbon dioxide through a chitosan gel. The chitosan gel is prepared by dissolving chitosan in one percent acetic acid, putting the solution into a sodium hydroxide solution to form a gel, washing the gel with water and bubbling CO₂ through the gel. The carbon dioxide was to dissolve the chitosan—not to remove acid and there is no suggestion of using carbon dioxide to remove the acid.

Fluid drilling systems that supply a mixture of gel and seeds onto an agricultural field are known. One prior art fluid drilling apparatus uses impeller pumps or peristaltic pumps or the like to extrude a mixture of gel and seeds. The seeds are germinated prior to planting. Such processes are shown in United Kingdom patent 1,045,732 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,882. These apparatuses have a tendency to distribute seeds with irregular and poorly controlled spacing between the seeds and under some circumstances damage seeds. Moreover, they are prone to plugging from the accumulation of seeds in tubes used in the apparatus.

It is known that an internal delivery tube diameter to seed diameter ratio of at least 3 to 1 is desirable for delivering gel seed mixtures to a planter row. Moreover, when moving fluid gel seed mixtures in a tube, the seeds are propelled much faster at the center line of the tube than at the side walls as a function of the laminar flow conditions which exist for gels having a viscosity that suspends seeds. Because the tube-seed ratio must be so large, adequate flow for fluid drilling of large seeds requires inordinate amounts of fluid and very large pumps to get the seeds delivered. The requirements for pump size and fluid amounts increase exponentially as seed diameter increases linearly for the systems currently in use.

It has also been shown with peristaltic pump systems at seed densities in gel where the volume of gel to volume of seed ratio is less than about four, frequent blocking of the pump inlet port by seeds is experienced. The same limitations apply to piston or air displacement systems. Gels continue to extrude while the seeds pile up at the port as the amount of seed in the mixture increases.

These disadvantages limit the flexibility of the current fluid drilling hardware for delivering large seeds, for using smaller quantities of gel to reduce gel cost per acre and for reducing the volume of gel that must be carried by the planting equipment. Further, this ratio limitation impacts on the use of optimal concentrations of treatment chemicals or microorganisms in gels while still being able to use low total amounts of treatment per acre through using for example, gel to seed ratios of 1 to 1. Thus the physics of dispensing seeds suspended in non-Newtonian fluids imposes strict limitations on the utility of the current commercial fluid drilling hardware.

Attempts to reduce this problem have relied in some circumstances on seed detectors, and counters or timers that attempt to control the rate of dispensing of seeds in accordance with the rate of travel of a tractor. Such an approach is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,953. This approach has not entirely solved the problem in a satisfactory manner.

It is also known to use screw type mechanisms that receive and capture seeds carried along by a fluid such as air or water and emit the seeds one by one. Such an apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,737,314 to Anderson. This apparatus has a disadvantage of damaging seeds and being relatively complicated and unreliable.

Augers are known for conveying matter from place to place but such augers have not been successfully adapted up to now to fluid drilling apparatuses. Some such augers have utilized a stream of air at an angle to the flow of material to break off controlled lengths of the material and such an apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,529. However, this patent does not disclose any method of fluid drilling.

The augers used in the prior art are not designed in a manner adequate to separate seeds, to avoid plugging of the conduits carrying the seeds and gel to the nozzle from which they are to be expelled into the ground nor to maintain spacing between seeds while moving them along the auger.

It is also known to use openers and planting shoes to prepare a furrow in which to deposit seeds. The prior art planting shoes have a disadvantage when used for fluid drilling in that there is insufficient space to permit accurate deposit of gel and seeds at a location protected by the shoe. In some prior art planters, additives such as growth stimulants, fungicides, herbicides and/or beneficial microorganisms are deposited separately from the seeds or coated onto the seeds or deposited in carrier materials. The prior art apparatus for applying additives generally deposit granules. These apparatuses have a disadvantage in that they waste expensive additives by applying them nonuniformly and at locations where they are not needed. Attempts to innoculate seeds with beneficial microorganisms other than Rhizobia have not been as successful as desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a novel apparatus for handling viscous materials.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel apparatus for spraying viscous materials.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method for applying large numbers of discrete portions of a material to surfaces with increased efficiency.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for encapsulating materials.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for the application of agricultural inputs.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method of spraying agricultural inputs using low pressures.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for applying agricultural inputs at low pressures.

It is a still further object of the invention to distribute spray of agricultural inputs with low pressure air.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for applying low volume high concentration agricultural inputs.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method of controlling the drift of sprays.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide precise control of flow rate with low pressures.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method of encapsulating products.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for forming fibers.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for solubilizing chitosan.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for forming a biodegradable fabric with sufficient cell adhesion to be implanted in animals.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method of making salt free chitosan mats, gauze, particles and/or fibers;

It is a still further object of the invention to provide novel apparatuses and methods for planting.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel mechanism for fluid drilling seeds while keeping them properly spaced and undamaged.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel system for applying chemicals to fields for beneficial agricultural results.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel planter.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for planting seeds inoculated with beneficial organisms.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for planting seeds together with beneficial chemicals and microorganisms without damaging the microorganisms with high pressure.

In accordance with the above and further objects of the invention, feedstock material is moved to the outlet of a fixture. At least one other material, which is a fluid, referred to herein as kinetic energy fluid because it imparts energy to the feedstock, impacts the feedstock material. The kinetic energy fluid shapes the feedstock material into a form that depends on any of several variables. The variables are physical and energy characteristics of the feedstock material, of the kinetic energy fluid and of the fixture outlet. These variables cause the formation of drops, mist, vapor, fibers or solid particles depending on their values. The feedstock material may be an agricultural input such as a pesticide, fertilizer, liquid, gel, microorganisms, seeds, hay conditioning agents, seed additives, solid with special properties such as chitosan or combinations of these and may be sprayed or used for fluid drilling or formed into and collected as fibers for agricultural, industrial, medical or other uses.

The kinetic energy fluid is usually a gas such as air. In the preferred embodiment, drops with a relatively prescribed size distribution are formed by forcing the kinetic energy fluid at low pressure against a wall of feedstock having a prescribed height and thickness with the kinetic energy fluid maintaining the prescribed velocity with respect to the velocity of the feedstock. For example, to increase the volumetric rate and keep the size of the drops constant, the pumping velocity of the feedstock is increased together with an increase in the length of the outlet or an increase of the velocity of the kinetic energy fluid. The volumetric rate of forming drops is varied by varying at least one of the length of the wall and the velocity of the fluid being transferred to the outlet opening. The angle of movement of the drops is varied by varying the shape such as curvature of the wall and direction of movement of the feedstock

The relevant characteristics of the feedstock material, the kinetic energy fluid and fixture outlet include: (1) the physical characteristics of the feedstock material and the kinetic energy fluid; (2) the energy characteristics of the feedstock material, the kinetic energy fluid and the fixture outlet or outlets; (3) the geometry of the fixture outlet or outlets and the relationship between the outlet for the feedstock material and the kinetic energy fluid; (4) the dimensions of the fluid material outlet and the kinetic energy outlet or outlets; (5) the molecular attraction between the feedstock material, the feedstock material fixture outlet, the kinetic energy fluid and the kinetic energy fixture outlet.

The physical characteristics of the feedstock materials and the kinetic energy fluids are their density, viscosity, surface tension density, conductivity and vapor pressure. The energy characteristics of the feedstock materials and the kinetic energy fluids are their temperature and their energy density. By energy density herein, it is meant the rate at which the feedstock material is pumped to the fixture outlet, the velocity and pressure at which the kinetic energy fluid or other energy source contacts the feedstock material and external energy that may be applied such as piezoelectric, ultrasonic, electrodynamic forces or electric field forces. It includes the enthalpy of the feedstock material and kinetic energy fluids and energy that can be imparted by other sources such as for example, the application of charge to the output feedstock material or vibration of the feedstock material.

The geometry of the fixture outlet or outlets includes their shape, such as being an elongated slit that extrudes a sheet of feedstock material or kinetic energy fluid or a circular or specially shaped slit that extrudes a column or any other particular geometric shape. The dimensions will be reflected by the shape but also sizes such as the width of the path being swept by the kinetic energy fluid, the length of the path, the roughness of the path, fluid viscosity, surface tension, the thickness of the feedstock and the angle at which the kinetic energy fluid impacts the feedstock material.

In one significant aspect of this invention, droplet size and size distributions of sprayed agricultural inputs to agricultural fields are controlled. For example, viscous agricultural products that would, in prior art practice, be diluted so they are no longer viscous and then sprayed, instead can be sprayed in their viscous form with a drop size that will maximize the usefulness of the droplets. Certain pesticides, for example, that in the prior art techniques are diluted and sprayed at high cost because of the heavy weight of water that must be carried by spray vehicles and the need for frequent replenishing of the supply on the spray vehicles, can be sprayed in a more concentrated form using the equipment and processes of this invention at much lower cost. Moreover, the droplets formed by the prior art equipment are frequently carried by the wind and become an environmental problem. However, with the method and apparatus of this invention, the problem of drift and the volume of carrier needed are reduced.

Another significant aspect of the invention is the formation of fibers and powders, particularly nanofibers and mats of such or thin membranes formed of fibers and powders having diameters in the nanometer range. A fixture having small dimension openings such as needles or slots to supply feedstock to a working area where it is impacted by a stretching force can generate thin fibers of many materials that otherwise would be difficult to form in narrow fibers. The stretching force is supplied by an of several techniques such as: (1) by two kinetic energy fluids, having different velocities and impacting different portions of the feedstock material; (2) by acceleration of the feedstock materials; and (3) by electric forces. In some ranges of kinetic energy fluid, powders of the same materials can be formed.

One material that is formed into fibers, or mats of thin membranes or powders is chitosan. Chitosan is a biodegradable material which, if formed into mats and fibers containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials of certain preferred compositions, is desirable for implanting during medical procedures. Electrospinning is a technique commonly used to obtain nano fibers but this technique is difficult to use and to scale up with certain materials including conventional chitosan solution and certain other materials due to physical properties such as surface tension and conductivity and viscosity. However, it has been found that chitosan can be solubilized with an acid solution and result in a superior soluble composition for use in electrospinning or result in economical formation of powders. Moreover, electro spinning using the formulation techniques of this invention can result in long nanofibers that are superior to what have been obtainable in the past and can be used to form mats that are desirable for medical purposes. One use of powders is in encapsulation of liquids for later release or encapsulation of other items such as seeds to increase the size of the item-coating combination or the item size or to improve the identification or detection of the items such as with color or with fluorescence or for protection of the items.

To plant the seeds, they are mixed with a gel, which gel may include additives or additives may be added after the seeds and the gel are mixed. Additives may also be supplied from a separate source of gel to the seed trench. The gel is in a ratio of no more than three parts by volume of gel to one part by volume of seed although the exact ratio differs from seed to seed. It is sufficiently viscous to support the seeds and should have a viscosity of at least 180 centipoise. When a pure gel is used, the viscosity of the gel should be high enough to hold seeds for at least ten minutes in suspension without dropping more than six inches but not so viscous that seeds cannot be easily mixed throughout the gel and be relatively evenly spaced from each other nor so viscose that it cannot be easily moved to distribute it and the seeds. The ability to randomly mix and support seeds is enhanced by including solid particles.

In this process, a storage vessel communicates with a fixture through a semisolid transfer mechanism such as an auger. The storage vessel contains semisolids, viscous liquids, gels or powders, hereinafter referred to as “seed suspension materials” in which seeds are suspended or maintained spaced from each other for a period of time sufficient for fluid drilling. There is enough high density material including particles within the seed suspension materials to exert force on solid particles such as seeds and move them with the seed suspension materials rather than causing the seed suspension materials to flow around the seeds when force is applied. This combination permits seeds that are randomly distributed in the seed suspension materials to be moved by an auger and eventually dispersed randomly through the fixture. Materials, whether containing particles or not that have the characteristics described in this paragraph are referred to as “prepared fluid drilling materials”.

The fixture may be adapted to spray the seed suspension materials and small seeds or to apply a gel and larger seeds to a furrow or surface prepared for broadcast seed application. The seed and seed suspension materials may also be removed at the end of the auger by a seed knife which may be an air burst or a solid member that scrapes the material into a trough. In this process, the seed suspension material may be a material of sufficient density or a colloidal suspension having a density and viscosity that is sufficient so that the seeds will be extremely slow in settling. The seeds should be supported without settling more than ten percent and preferably less than five percent in the period of time between mixing the seeds in the medium and planting. Normally, this time will be less than a 24 hour period since commonly the farmer will mix the seeds and medium in the same 24 hour time period as he plants.

In this specification, “prepared fluid drilling materials” means suspension material for seed or other agricultural input which suspension material that is a semisolid, viscous liquid, gels or powder or a combination of these hereinafter referred to as “seed suspension materials” in which seeds or other agricultural inputs are suspended or maintained spaced from each other for a period of time sufficient for fluid drilling which rather than causing the seed suspension materials to flow around the seeds or other agricultural input when force is applied. The prepared fluid drilling materials according to this definition permits seeds that are randomly distributed in the seed suspension materials to be moved by an auger and eventually dispersed randomly through the fixture. Materials, whether containing particles or not that have the characteristics described in this paragraph are referred to as “prepared fluid drilling materials”.

To obtain adequate mixing, the seeds should have force directly applied to them. This can be accomplished by mixing into the medium a sufficient amount of solid and semi-solid particles so that there is contact through the solid particles and the moving surfaces applying force for mixing. In one embodiment, this mixture is moved by an auger to a furrow for planting and sections of it as appropriate for the number of seeds are removed from the end of the auger into the furrow. This can be done with a substantially conventional planter. The auger is synchronized normally with the speed of the planter which may be received from the wheel speed or any other proportional area signal. The auger has pitch angles on the screw graduated from low angles at the inlet to facilitate feeding the seed gel mixture to higher angles in the delivery tube section to give a friction pumping surface to move the gel seed mix. With this configuration, the screw: (1) provides a shear surface motive force for delivering the seed and fluid mixture; (2) provides a moving delivery tube wall to dislodge any seed pile ups; and (3) singulates seeds into the delivery exit port.

In one embodiment, the mixture of gel and seed is placed in a hopper which communicates at its bottom with the auger: The auger: (1) has grooves between threads sufficiently wide to encompass at least two seeds within the matrix; (2) has trailing edges on the threads of the auger curved to provide a shear plate force to move the seeds with the auger without causing seeds to be removed from the viscoelastic suspending fluid mixture; and (3) is between three inches and 18 inches long. The auger rotates at a speed sufficient to cause the shear surfaces of the auger mechanism to deliver seed particles to the seed dispensing port at the rate desired for planting. The viscoelastic characteristics and suspension ability of the seed suspending medium are designed to move the seeds and suspension fluid through the system within very small changes in their ratio.

At the end of the auger, there is a tubular portion into which the seed-gel combination is inserted, with the tubular portion being vibrated when necessary by an external vibrator with sufficient maximum force intensity or maximum acceleration and distance amplitude to maintain the seeds in suspension as they are forced to the tip. A cutting mechanism, such as air flow, removes the seeds from the tip, causing them to be dropped into a furrow prepared by the planter. The air must be directed toward the ground and must not deviate within 45 degrees from a perpendicular to the ground in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the furrow and 75 degrees in a plane aligned with the direction of the furrow. The range of angles in the direction of the furrow and perpendicular to the direction of the furrow depends on the distance from the ground of the tip.

The total acreage being utilized may be measured by a conventional global positioning system for purposes of monitoring the amount of seed being dispersed and, under some circumstances, for accounting purposes such as billing or the like. In this specification, a fluidic continuous medium capable of suspending seeds and moving the seeds with the continuous medium while the seeds remain randomly distributed will be called a “seed-supporting medium”.

In one embodiment, the seed suspension material is hospitable to and incorporates microorganisms and chemicals beneficial to the seeds that are solubilized or suspended. The beneficial inputs may be chemicals or beneficial microorganisms which can be inoculated onto the seed surface and sustained by the appropriate seed and microbe supporting medium. Many of the most suitable materials for inoculating seeds with beneficial chemicals and microorganisms are semisolids and viscous humectant materials that can be supplied with the appropriate seeds with a fixture in accordance with this invention.

The planter may be conventional and include conventional openers but because more space is needed to accommodate the gel delivery system than many conventional systems with seed delivery tubes, a planting shoe is used having a shield portion for the type, size and rate of seed being delivered so as to receive a gel delivery tube and seed separator in close enough proximity to the seed trench to avoid blocking of nozzles by soil from the trench preparation, or moving of the seed and gel from its proper position by wind or planting system movement.

In one embodiment, a separate second gel delivery system is used adjacent to the seed and gel system to deliver gel with additives into the seed trench. Moreover, such a gel delivery system may be used to apply chemicals to fields separately from planting. The spacing of seeds from each other in a row may be controlled by intermittently stopping the air flow of the seeds in one embodiment. This may be done by temporarily interrupting the air flow such as the blower or by blocking the air nozzle.

From the above summary of the invention, it can be understood that the spray method and apparatus of this invention has several advantages such as for example: (1) vehicles and aircraft used for applying agricultural inputs to fields do not need to carry as heavy a load of agricultural inputs, for example, they can carry the same active ingredients as prior art agricultural inputs with a reduction in water of as much as 90 percent; (2) they reduce or eliminate the requirement for periodic addition of water carriers for agricultural inputs, thus reducing the time and expense of spraying; (3) they permit the application of some beneficial microbes with seeds because the agricultural inputs containing microbes can be applied at pressures low enough to avoid killing the microbes and in viscous humectant fluids that facilitate beneficial microbe infection; (4) the high viscosity, relatively large drop size and narrow size distribution of the agricultural inputs reduce drift when sprayed; (5) it is possible to avoid diluting agricultural inputs with carriers such as water that have high surface tension and form beads on contact rather than spreading such as over a leaf; (6) the viscosity and shear resistance of drops of agricultural inputs can be varied to change the spray characteristics such as drop size drop distribution and amount of drift; (7) it is not necessary to add carriers used for dilution, such as water, that have unpredictable mineral content and pH variations; (8) the tendency for active ingredients to precipitate out with time because of the addition of carriers is reduced; (9) in particular embodiments, the particle droplet size carrying active ingredients and formulation carrier chemistry can be regulated and thus provide better penetration into a host; (10) because low pressures are used, the hoses last longer and it is possible to spray at higher volumetric rates without exceeding the pressure capacity of the system; and (11) flow rate can be precisely controlled because low pressures are used.

It can be further understood from the above description that the planter in accordance with this invention has several advantages, such as: (1) it can provide effective fluid drilling with adequate separation of seeds; (2) it can provide planting of seeds with superior beneficial microbe inoculation characteristics; (3) it can combine effective planting with beneficial chemical and microbial additives; (4) it provides good separation of seeds being planted without repeated mixing of the fluid and the seeds, (5) there is less damage to seeds because of controlled priming in the presence of air and controlled water uptake; (6) it does not require carrying inordinate amounts of gel; (7) it is economical in the use of gel per acre; (8) there is less damage to seeds in the planting operation; (9) the seeds may be controlled for spacing in a superior manner to prior art drilling; (10) there is good control over uniformity in time of emergence of the plants from the seeds; and (11) it economically facilitates addition of seed protection additive.

It can also be understood from the summary of the invention that the method, formulations and apparatus for forming fibers or particles in accordance with this invention has several advantages, such as: (1) longer fibers can be formed; (2) chitosan fibers, mats, sheets and powders can be more economically and better formed; (3) fibers can be formed without electrospinning; and (4) micron size, submicron size and nano size fibers and powders can be formed more efficiently and faster.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for forming drops, fibers, mists and/or vapor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic perspective drawing illustrating a spray system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is simplified perspective drawing of one embodiment of fiber generating fixture used in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4. is a simplified perspective schematic view illustrating still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of the embodiment of spray apparatus of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken through lines 6-6 of FIG. 5 illustrating a possible variation of the embodiment of FIGS. 2 and 4;

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary schematic front elevational view of an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic view of still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a perspective of one embodiment of spray apparatus in accordance with invention;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of another embodiment of spray apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a partly exploded view of the embodiment of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a partly broken away perspective view of still another embodiment of spray apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of another embodiment of spray apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of the spray apparatus of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a fragmentary enlarged view of the end of the spray apparatus of FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 is an enlarged perspective view of an insert used in the spray apparatus of FIG. 13;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of another embodiment of spray apparatus in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 18 is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of spray apparatus of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of another embodiment of spray apparatus in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 20 is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a schematic block diagram of a spray apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a schematic block diagram of a planter or suspended particle delivery system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 23 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of planter in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 24 is a flow diagram of a process for planting in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram of another embodiment of a system for planting in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram of a process for forming fibers in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram of a process for forming a liquid or semi-solid suitable for use in the embodiment of FIG. 28;

FIG. 28 is a simplified perspective drawing of a system for forming fibers in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 29 is a simplified, schematic, perspective view of a system for making objects containing nanofibers and nanoparticles;

FIG. 30 is a simplified perspective view of an embodiment of drum accelerator usable in the embodiment of FIG. 29;

FIG. 31 is an SEM of a non-oriented fiber membrane made in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 32 is an SEM of an oriented fiber membrane in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 33 is an SEM of non-oriented fiber mat in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of a planting system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of a tractor and planter usable in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 36 is a fragmentary, elevational side view of a vegetable seed planter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 37 is a fragmentary, side elevational view of another embodiment of planter;

FIG. 38 is a simplified, perspective view of the embodiment of planter of FIG. 37;

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of a planting shoe in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 40 is second perspective view of the planting shoe of FIG. 39;

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the planting shoe in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, usable primarily with the embodiments of the planters of FIG. 36;

FIG. 42 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a small seed or particle feeder usable with the planters of FIGS. 35 and 36;

FIG. 43 is an elevational view, partly broken away of another embodiment of seed or particle feeder usable with the planters of FIGS. 25 and 26;

FIG. 44 is a top view of the seed or particle feeder of FIG. 45;

FIG. 45 is a fragmentary perspective view of the planter of FIG. 37, the shoe of FIG. 41 and the seed or particle feeder of FIGS. 42-44.

FIGS. 46-48 are elevational views of embodiments of auger usable in a seed or particle feeder such as that shown in FIGS. 42-44;

FIG. 49 is a perspective view of an embodiment of vibrator usable in the seed or particle feeders of FIGS. 42-44;

FIG. 50 is a perspective view of a nozzle usable in the seed or particle feeder of FIGS. 42-44;

FIG. 51 is an elevational view of a nozzle usable in the embodiment of FIG. 45.

FIG. 52 is an elevational view of another embodiment of seed or particle feeder;

FIG. 53 is a view looking from the top of another embodiment of seed or particle feeder;

FIG. 54 is another perspective view of the seed or particle seed or particle feeder of FIG. 52;

FIG. 55 is a perspective view of apparatus for supplying additives to fields;

FIG. 56 is a schematic plan view of a system for supplying chemical additives to fields; and

FIG. 57 is a block diagram of a control system for a planter or applicator in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of a process 10 for shaping and distributing fluid and/or particles and fibers or other solid particles made from fluids in accordance with an embodiment of this invention having the step 12 of setting the physical and energy characteristics of feedstock material, kinetic energy fluid and fixture outlet, the step 14 of moving feedstock material to a fixture outlet, the step 16 of forcing the kinetic energy fluid against the feedstock material at a preselected angle to or parallel to the feedstock material and the step 18 of collecting or distributing the shaped mist, vapor, drops, fibers or particles. In this specification, the word “distributing” shall mean any form of moving, collecting, spraying or otherwise disposing of the groups, patterns or individual distributed drops, fibers, particles, vapor or mist. In this specification, “spray fixture” or “nozzle” shall mean an apparatus adapted to be connected to a source of feedstock material and to a force for powering the feedstock material through the apparatus, the apparatus including an outlet and structure for controlling the output of feedstock material from the outlet of the spray fixture.

The step 12 of setting the physical and energy characteristics of feedstock material, kinetic energy fluid and fixture outlet includes the steps of: (1) establishing the physical characteristics of feedstock material and a kinetic energy fluid; (2) establishing the energy characteristics of the feedstock material, kinetic energy fluid and the passageways through which they will flow; (3) establishing the geometry of the passageway for the feedstock material and the passageway or passageways for the kinetic energy fluid or fluids and the relationship between the passageways such as the angles with respect to each other; (4) the dimensions of the passageways; and (5) the physical and molecular attraction between the passageways and the feedstock material and kinetic energy fluid. The feedstock material will generally be a liquid or semisolid but can contain solids in suspension. In this specification, feedstock materials, kinetic energy fluids or other energy application sources and passageways that have been prepared to produce a desired shape and distribution, are referred to as compatibly-selected feedstock materials, kinetic energy fluids or energy sources and passageways.

In general, this process controls the configuration of a substance by bringing a compatibly-selected feedstock material and at least a first moving compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid in contact with each other. In doing this, at least one of the pressures of the compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid, the velocity of the compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid, the velocity of the compatibly-selected feedstock material, the thickness of the compatibly-selected feedstock material, the width of the compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid, the width of the compatibly-selected feedstock material, the temperature of the compatibly-selected feedstock material, the viscosity, conductivity, surface tension and density of the compatibly-selected feedstock material and/or the characteristics of externally applied energy or disruptive forces, if any, is varied. The compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid is usually a gas, such as air.

In the preferred embodiment, drops with a relatively constant size distribution are formed by forcing a uniform kinetic energy fluid at low pressure against a wall of feedstock having a uniform height and thickness with the kinetic energy fluid maintaining a defined velocity with respect to the velocity of the feedstock. The volumetric rate of forming drops is varied by varying the length of the wall and the rate of flow of the feedstock but maintaining its uniformity. The angle of movement of the drops is varied by varying the curvature of the wall and direction of movement of the kinetic energy fluid. The wall is thin enough to avoid drops being formed from feedstock material at different depths under widely different conditions.

The process is useful with all kinds of fluids but is particularly useful with viscous liquids or semisolids or particles such as seeds within a liquid or semisolid or just particles without a liquid or semisolid because of the difficulty of handling these materials with prior art devices. In this specification, the words “formable material” means: (1) liquids that flow readily without time delay, assume the shape of the container holding them but are not gases that expand to fill their container; (2) powders, collections of small particles, very viscous materials or semisolids that may hold their shape against the force of gravity but can be shaped without grinding or cutting the material such as only with the use of pressure; and (3) viscous materials that flow slowly and assume the shape of their container only under the force of gravity. This definition applies even if the formable material includes a mixture such as particles included in a viscous material and is specific to the temperature of the material since the viscosity will change with temperature and may cause a material to move from one category to another. Semi-solids and very viscous materials are sometimes referred to in this specification as non-Newtonian fluids.

The kinetic energy fluid is a fluid that impacts upon the feedstock material and aids in shaping it into the desired form. The desired form may be drops or long strands that will harden into fibers. In one embodiment, the feedstock material includes chitosan which is shaped into nanofibers or nanoparticles. The kinetic energy fluid will frequently be air but other fluids can be used. Of course, there may be more than one feedstock material and more than one kinetic energy fluid. The fixture is the device through which the feedstock material and kinetic energy fluids flow and has a fixture outlet which will distribute the final product. Thus, the fixture outlet will control the angle with which the kinetic energy fluid impacts on the feedstock material and the area of that impact. The geometry of the outlet of the fixture can determine the thickness of the feedstock material and the shape and the pattern of the feedstock distribution. For example, it can include needles that extrude columns of a fluid with the kinetic energy fluid flowing substantially parallel to them and at different speeds on different sides of the column of feedstock material to stretch it into ligaments that can form nanofiber or nanoparticle depending on formulation and operating parameters. On the other hand, the feedstock material may be extruded as a sheet and a sheet of kinetic energy fluid may impact it on one side and form it into droplets. In this specification, nanofibers and nanoparticles shall include micron-sized, submicron-sized or nano-sized fibers or particles.

Some of the relevant physical characteristics of the feedstock material and the kinetic energy fluid are their densities, viscosities, the surface tension and vapor pressure. The energy characteristics of the two fluids include their temperature and energy density. By energy density, in this specification, the words “energy density” shall mean the enthalpy per unit volume. Thus, it will be effected by the rate at which the feedstock material is pumped to the impact location with the kinetic energy fluid, the velocity of the kinetic energy fluid and its mass and external energy such as electro dynamic fields or electric fields or mechanical vibrations.

Geometry also takes into consideration the width of the path being swept by the kinetic energy, the length of the path being swept by the kinetic energy, the roughness of the path being swept by the kinetic energy, the thickness of the feedstock, the angle at which the kinetic energy fluid hits the feedstock, the dimensions of the kinetic energy fluid and the feedstock material. Molecular attraction means the attraction at the molecular level between the fluid and the material of the passageways through which it flows.

This process may effect the length of a fiber that is formed and its thickness. It may result in forming droplets, mist, vapor and particles and the shape, pattern, density of the pattern, temperature and size distribution for droplets, mist or vapor and particles.

The step 14 of moving the feedstock material to the fixture outlet also will effect the size of the droplets or cluster of particles or the thinness of a fiber when taken in conjunction with the kinetic energy fluid effects. However, in a preferred embodiment, the feedstock material is moved relatively slowly under very low pressure or no pumping at all since in some embodiments, it can rely on capillary action together with the pulling effect of the kinetic energy fluid.

The step 16 of forcing the kinetic energy fluid against the feedstock material at a preselected angle or parallel to the feedstock material can have a drastic effect on the particle size, size distribution of particles or on the length of fiber that is prepared. Variations in the angle in many instances have a dominating effect on the nature of the flow from the outlet.

The step 18 of collecting or distributing the shaped drops or fibers includes many varieties. In one case, drops of an agricultural input are simply sprayed from a series of fixtures on a boom such as for example, onto crops. The term, “agricultural input” in this specification means any of the inputs that are applied to agricultural fields such as microorganisms, fertilizers, growth regulators, pesticides, drilling gels or the like. In other cases, the fibers can be collected as a continuous strand on a drum or by a moving surface. The collection is often aided by magnetic attraction. The fibers may be charged and drawn to a collection surface containing the opposite charge. This may be done to form mats or gauzes.

In FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic view illustrating, in principle, an embodiment 20 of a device for controlling the formation of particles and fluids including a first flow path 22 for a first fluid and second flow path 24 for a second fluid which are at an angle to each other to form a fixture outlet. In one application of the embodiment of FIG. 2, the two flow paths 22 and 24 accommodate a feedstock material and a kinetic energy fluid which impact each other at the outlet to form droplets of the feedstock material, which may be a fertilizer or pesticide or an encapsulating material or any other material. For this purpose, the flow paths 22 and 24 are wide to permit the viscous material to spread on a surface and the kinetic energy fluid to contact it and break it into relatively uniform droplets with a relatively narrow sized distribution of droplets. While this system has particular utility for forming viscous materials into drops, it may also be used on mobile materials such as water.

For this purpose, the second flow path 24 has two plates 36 and 38 with facing surfaces between which the feedstock material flows as shown by the arrows 42 to the edge of a surface 40. The two plates 36 and 38 are spaced to maintain a relatively thin layer of viscous feedstock material. The thickness of this layer can be varied by varying the distance between the two plates 36 and 38 and the length of the exposed edge of the surface 40 can be varied by moving a plate 404 between the plates 36 and 38. The thickness of the layer, the width and length of the exposed edge of the surface 40 that is contacted by the kinetic energy fluid and the angle of the contact as well as the pressure of the compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid, and velocity of the kinetic energy fluid are all material to the size of the droplets and the size distribution.

The flow path 22 similarly includes first and second plates 26 and 28 defining a flow path 30 between them for the kinetic energy fluid. The fluid proceeds towards the edge of the surface 40 as indicated by the arrows 32. While the angle is substantially orthogonal in FIG. 2, it may be a much more acute angle for impact to obtain drops within a narrow size range and of such a size that with a viscous material, spray drift is substantially reduced.

In the embodiment 20 of FIG. 2, the kinetic energy fluid contacts the feedstock fluid at the edge of their flow paths 22 and 24 although in other embodiments the kinetic energy fluid contacts the feedstock fluid on a surface a distance from the edge of the support. Moreover, in the preferred embodiment, the kinetic energy fluid contacts the feedstock fluid along a curved line and the flow of the kinetic energy fluid is along a diverging path so that the drops spread outwardly at an angle from the line of contact.

In FIG. 3, there is shown another embodiment of a system for controlling the formation of liquids, which system 20A forms thin streams of liquid compatibly-selected feedstock material that harden into fibers or particles rather than drops or mists or vapor as in the case of other embodiments. For this purpose, the system 20A includes as its principal parts a housing 56, a plurality of needles, the needles 50A-50E being shown for illustration and at least two kinetic energy fluid passageways 52 and 54. The needles 50A-50E are mounted within the housing and connected to a manifold 61 having an inlet tube 63 which supplies feedstock material to the needles 50A-50E at a rate regulated by a regulator 73 connected to the inlet tube 63. The feedstock material is supplied at no pressure or very low pressure under the control of a pump or regulator 73 which may be a valve connected to the inlet tube 63 to a container of a substance such as chitosan or any other material from which it is desirable to make fibers. Each of the two kinetic energy fluid passageways 52 and 54 is on an opposite side of the feedstock material and flow at different rates to stretch the streams into very thin ligaments to form fibers and particles including nanofibers and nanoparticles.

To supply a first kinetic energy fluid through the first kinetic energy fluid passageway 52, a regulator 75, which may be a valve supplies a first kinetic energy fluid such as air at a first flow rate to a compartment 65 through a tube 67. This compartment is sized to overlie the path of the feedstock material to supply kinetic energy fluid in a path substantially parallel and in intimate contact with or only spaced a short distance from the feedstock material. To supply the second kinetic energy fluid through the second kinetic energy fluid passageway 54, a regulator 77 similar to the regulator 75 but set to cause a different flow rate at a similarly low pressure, supplies kinetic energy fluid to a second compartment 69 on the opposite side of the feedstock flow path from the first kinetic energy fluid compartment 52 and similarly in intimate contact with or spaced a short distance from the feedstock material. The two kinetic energy fluids are close enough to exert force on the feedstock material in a manner that stretches the feedstock material to form narrow fiber and particles having a diameter related to the difference in velocity of the two fluids.

In the preferred embodiment, (not shown in FIG. 3) a plate is moved paralled to the front of the fixture 20A to deflect the flow of the kinetic energy fluid at an angle to the feedstock material (see FIG. 29) and create turbulence. The feedstock material includes solvents that are evaporated to leave a solid filament. While a plurality of needles are shown at 50A-50E from which thin streams of feedstock material flow, for some applications such as the formation of drops, fibers or particles, thin slots may be used to form the drops, fibers or particles by thinning a viscous material with the flow of air around the thin sheets. The thickness of the sheets affects the size of the drops, fibers or particles formed in this case as in the embodiments described below where the viscous feedstock material is spread over a surface.

In operation, a hardenable feedstock fluid is forced relatively slowly out of the needle openings 50A-50E while on one side of the openings a first kinetic energy fluid from the first kinetic energy passageway 52 impinges on the feedstock in a path that is nearly parallel to the relatively slow flow of feedstock material through the needle openings 50A-50E, and at the same time a second kinetic fluid stream flows through the passageway 54 at a different velocity to create a stretching pressure on the opposite side of the feedstock material. This differential velocity when taken together with the viscosity, surface tension and solvent characteristics of the feedstock material determines the amount of stretching before the feedstock material hardens into fibers or particles having the desired dimensions. By controlling these parameters, nanofibers and nanoparticles may be formed from very viscous materials such as solutions of chitosan at high rates.

While two openings for kinetic fluid, one above all of the needles and one below all of the needles are used in the embodiment 20A of FIG. 3, more than two can be used including coaxial opening for encapsulation. For example, there could be one pair of kinetic fluid paths for each needle, such as below and above or on each side to provide the stretching force. The kinetic energy fluids are usually air but can be any other fluid compatible with the process. For example, nitrogen could be used. Moreover, the stretching can be done in stages with more than one pair or the pressure differential can be provided between a stationary surface and a fluid. Moreover, while only a velocity difference between two gases is used to create stretching in the embodiment 20A, other energy forms can be used in addition to the use of two gases or instead of the two gases such as electrodynamic force or a differential between a gas and a liquid or a gas and a solid surface under certain circumstances. Preferably, the circumstances of the application of force does not cause premature breaking of the streams of feedstock material. It has been found that materials that have been difficult to draw into nanofibers have the appropriate viscosity to be successfully drawn into nanofibers by two air streams. In this specification, fibers or particles formed within one or more fluids flowing on at least two sides of the feedstock material with flow rates faster than the feedstock material are referred to as “kinetic-energy fluid shaped” fibers or particles and the process of forming them is called “kinetic-energy fluid formation” in this specification.

In FIG. 4, there is shown a schematic perspective view illustrating, in principle, an embodiment 20E of a device for controlling the formation of particles and fluids similar to the embodiment 20 of FIG. 2 in which identical parts have the same numbers as in FIG. 2 and parts with a change in construction have the same reference numeral but the numeral is followed by the letter “E”. The device 20E for controlling the formation of particles and fluids includes a first flow path 22 for a fluid and second flow path 24E for a second fluid which flow paths are in contact with each other to form a fixture outlet. In FIG. 4, they are shown at an angle to each other but may be substantially parallel but positioned to put the two fluids in contact with each other to transfer energy from one to the other. In one application of the embodiment of FIG. 4, the two flow paths 22 and 24E accommodate a feedstock material and a kinetic energy fluid which impact each other at the outlet to form droplets of a feedstock material which may be a fertilizer or pesticide. For this purpose, the flow paths are wide to permit the feedstock material to spread and the kinetic energy fluid to contact it and break it into relatively uniform droplets with a relatively narrow sized distribution of drops. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the feedstock material spreads on a surface having both width and length that affect the drops whereas in the embodiment of FIG. 2, they contact each other at an edge and in other embodiments may contact each other free from any fixed solid surface and in air.

For this purpose in the embodiment of FIG. 4, the second flow path 24 has two plates with facing surfaces between which the feedstock material flows as shown by the arrows 42 through the path 38E and against the surface 40. The two plates 34E and 36E are spaced to maintain a relatively thin layer of feedstock material. The thickness of the layer, the width and length of the exposed surface 40 that is contacted by the kinetic energy fluid and the angle of the contact as well as the pressure of the compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid, and velocity of the kinetic energy fluid are all material to the size of the droplets and the size distribution.

The flow path 22 similarly includes first and second plates 26 and 28 defining a flow path 30 between them for the kinetic energy fluid. The fluid proceeds towards the edge of the surface 40 as indicated by the arrows 32. While the angle is substantially orthogonal in FIG. 4, generally it will be a much more acute angle for impact to obtain drops within a narrow side range and of such a size that with a feedstock material, spray drift is substantially reduced.

While in FIG. 4, the kinetic energy fluid contacts the feedstock fluid on the surface a short distance from the edge, in the preferred embodiment, the contact is made right at the edge. Moreover, in the preferred embodiment, the kinetic energy fluid contacts the feedstock fluid at a converging angle along an arc so that the drops are spread at an angle from the line of contact.

In FIG. 5, there is shown a side view of the system 20E shown in perspective in FIG. 4, having a first flow path 22 and a second flow path 24E. The first flow path 22 is formed of plates 26 and 28 through which the kinetic energy solution flows through the passageway 30 between the plates 26 and 28. The second flow path 24E receives the feedstock material flowing in the direction 42. It is bounded by plates 34E and 36E. As best shown in this view, the kinetic energy fluid flows through the path 30 against the surface 40E which extends beyond the plate 34E on the plate 36E to provide a length of feedstock material which is impacted.

In FIG. 6, there is shown a sectional view through the lines 6-6 of FIG. 5, having the flow path 24E with the plate 34E shown in front and the plate 36E behind it to expose a surface 40E. The surface 40E differs from the surface 40 of FIG. 2 by the presence of rough spots 60 which may be projections or indentations or grooves or any other configuration depending upon the effect desired, one projection for example being shown at 60.

In FIG. 7, there is shown an end view of an embodiment of a second flow path 24A through which the feedstock material 38 may flow before impacting with a kinetic energy fluid from the first flow path 22 (FIG. 5) having a first plate 64 and a second plate 62. As shown in this view, one or both of the first and second plates 62 and 64 forming the second flow path are curved unlike the flow path for the feedstock material of FIG. 4. The curvature may be imparted for any desired effect such as to compensate for other effects that might intend to make the drops from the end of the sheets smaller or larger. Since the thickness of the feedstock is a factor in the size of the drops, the curved flow path can be used to compensate for these other effects or create new effects of its own.

In FIG. 8, there is shown a simplified block and schematic diagram of another embodiment of fixture 20B having a film or sheet forming container 44, a film and sheet forming fluid source 46, a drop and particle moving fluid source 48, a feedstock fluid source 58 and a drop former 88. The feedstock fluid source 58 and the film and sheet forming fluid source 46 communicate with the film or sheet forming container 44 to supply feedstock fluid and a gas thereto. The top surface of the film or sheet forming container 44 includes a plurality of perforations 402 and an adjustable perforation cover plate 404B may be moved to cover a portion of the perforations 402 and thus adjust the amount of fluid being formed into bubbles and eventually into drops and/or particles. The feedstock material selected for this embodiment and the gas pressure from the film and sheet forming fluid source 46 must be such that the gas pressure will form bubbles by applying pressure to the feedstock material but not burst the bubbles. The surface tension of the feedstock material is sufficiently great to maintain integrity as a film or sheet under the pressure supplied from the film or sheet forming fluid source 46. The combination of pressure and feedstock material varies from application to application.

To burst the bubbles and control the distribution of the drops and particles, the fixture 20B includes an adjustable bubble bursting plate 88 adapted to be positioned above the perforations 402 to burst the bubbles at the proper degree of inflation to provide the thickness that yields the proper drop or particle size. The top of the adjustable bubble bursting plate 88 extends over an adjustable outlet 408 (not shown in FIG. 8) having sides that are adjustable to control the angle of distribution of the drops and particles moved by the drop and particle moving source 48.

With this arrangement, bubbles are extended through those perforations 402 that are not covered by the adjustable plate 404B. The thickness of the feedstock material forming the skin of the bubbles is determined by the pressure, which may vary between zero and the bursting pressure of the bubbles. Thus by adjusting the pressure to determine the thickness of the bubbles, the distance the bubble bursting plate 88 is from the top surface of the film or sheet forming container 44, the velocity and pressure of the drop and particle moving fluid from the source of drop and particle moving fluid 48 and the angle of the opening formed by the adjustable outlet 108 (not shown in FIG. 8), the size of the drops or particles and their distribution may be controlled.

In FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, there are shown three perspective views of a fixture 20C with its parts in three different positions with respect to each other to illustrate the construction of the fixture. The fixture 20C as best shown in FIG. 9, includes an inlet end cap 70, an outer cylinder 74, and an outlet end cap 72. The inlet end cap 70 includes a kinetic energy fluid inlet port 66 and a feedstock material inlet port 68 for receiving kinetic energy fluid 30 and feedstock material 38 respectively. It is positioned on one end of the outer cylinder 74 with the outlet end cap 72 being positioned on the other end.

The outlet end cap 72 includes a rotatable outer cap having an annular, feedstock-material impact surface 40 and an inner cap resting inside the outer cap and having a cylinder rest portion 76. and a cut-away portion exposing the top surface of the rotatable outer cap which forms a kinetic energy fluid impact surface 78. The annular feedstock-material impact surface 40 is formed on the inner bottom of the outlet cap 72 and the cylinder end rest portion 76 extends approximately 120 degrees around the outer circumference of the end cap 72 to receive the outer cylinder 74, leaving an arc of 40 degrees of the impact surface exposed between the inner cap and outer cap. The center cut-away portion 78 that forms the kinetic energy fluid impact area and an outer circumferential area 40 defines an impact plane toward which a thin wall of feedstock material flows adjacent to the outlet of the fixture 20C so that the air impacts at 78 and flows circumferentially outwardly to impact a thin circumferential rim of feedstock material. The circumferential arc at the outer edge of the impact area 40 for the feedstock material determines the angle of the spray and can be adjusted by rotating the inner cylinders with respect to the outlet in a manner to be described hereinafter. The thin wall of feedstock material is contacted between the end of the outer column and the impact surface which distance determines the thickness of the feedstock material that is to be broken into drops.

In FIG. 10, there is shown another perspective view of the fixture 20C also showing an inner cylinder 82 that is within the outer cylinder 74 with the inner cylinder 82 having a recessed portion 84 spaced from the inner wall of the outer cylinder 74 to provide a path for the feedstock material to flow against the surface 40. The amount of arc that overlaps between the recessed portion 84 and the opening in the inner cap that forms the impact surface 40 for the feedstock material determines the length of the feedstock material that is to be swept from the fixture by the kinetic energy fluid. With this arrangement, the kinetic energy fluid 30 flows through inlet port 66 against the impact surface 78 from which it flows outwardly to contact the feedstock material as it moves from a location between the inner wall of the outer cylinder 74 and the outer wall of the recess 84 in inner cylinder 82 toward the plane of the surface 40 and forces it outwardly. The kinetic energy fluid, which in the preferred embodiment is air at a relatively low pressure between zero and ten psi and most commonly in the range of one-half to three psi is intended to develop droplets from a liquid feedstock material with a defined size distribution and size for contact with plants and to reduce spray drift.

In FIG. 11, there is shown still another perspective view of the fixture 20C with the outer cylinder withdrawn exposing a larger section of the inner cylinder 84 having a recessed longitudinal extending portion 82 and showing the outer cylindrical surface of the inner cylinder 84 against the inner surface of the outer cylinder 74 so that the longitudinal recessed portion 82 provides a curved narrow path for the flow of feedstock material, thus providing a relatively narrowed curved edge against which the kinetic energy fluid flows to spray Newtonian fluid, a viscous feedstock material, suspended particles or more mobile liquids or combinations of these. Because the inner cylinder is rotatable with an end cap 72, this recessed portion may be aligned with or misaligned with the impact surfaces 78 and 40, thus controlling the circumferential number of degrees of the spray.

In FIG. 12, there is shown still another perspective view of a fixture 20D which is similar in every respect to the fixture 20C of FIGS. 9-11 but has a recessed portion 84 which, instead of receiving feedstock material from one feedstock inlet indicated at 68 in FIGS. 28-30, may receive either or both of two feedstock materials through inlets 68A and 68B. Thus, it may mix inlets for dilution purposes or receive a choice of more than one feedstock from multiple inlets that are controlled by a valve or fed by multiple pump channels from a three position valve (one position can be used to purge with water).

In FIG. 13, there is shown a perspective view of an embodiment 20D of fixture having an inlet 30A for the kinetic energy fluid, an inlet 38A for the feedstock material, an outer cylinder 74A, a thickness control insert 422 and mounting rings 418 and 420 for mounting to a boom. The thickness control insert 422 is a replaceable unit which fits within the outer cylinder 74A and controls the thickness of the feedstock opening which is one of the dimensions of the feedstock that is to be impacted by the kinetic energy fluid.

In FIG. 14, there is shown a side elevational view of the fixture 20D with the thickness control insert 422 having an outwardly extending ledge 426 and a feedstock outlet opening 424 between the end of the outer cylinder 74A and the ledge 426 so that one dimension of the feedstock exists between the plane end of the cylinder 74A and the plane ledge 426, another dimension exists along the curvature of the opening 424 and the third dimension is the thickness 430 of between the outer surface of the inner cylinder and the inner surface of the outer cylinder of the ledge 426 which corresponds to the thickness of the opening 424 through which the feedstock flows in the direction of the ledge 426. The kinetic energy fluid moves outwardly through the opening 424 with the controlled thickness, length, width and curvature as determined by the replaceable insert 422 to control the size distribution of drops being spread from the fixture 20D.

In FIG. 15, there is shown a fragmentary enlarged view of the end of the fixture 20D showing the end of the cylinder 74A and the end of the thickness control insert 422 illustrating the manner in which feedstock flows downwardly through the opening 430 toward the plane of the ledge 40 and air flows downwardly and outwardly through the opening 432 to impact the feedstock fluid flowing toward the plane of the ledge 40. In this manner, the insert 422 adjusts the opening 424 to control the dimensions of the feedstock being impacted by the kinetic energy fluid.

In FIG. 16, there is shown an enlarged perspective view of the insert 422 showing the ledge 40 recessed downward from a cut-away portion forming a shoulder with a ledge 540 that is slightly raised to impact the end of the outer cylinder 74A (FIGS. 13, 14 and 15) leaving a gap that is the height of the shoulder 542.

In FIG. 17, there is shown another embodiment of fixture 20H having a cap 434 with a feedstock inlet opening 38A and a kinetic energy fluid opening 30B in the cylindrical connecting members 444 and 66B respectively. A base unit 440 is connected to a mounting bracket 442 to support the fixture 20H. A thickness control insert 438 has an outer rim which forms an opening with the feedstock interior 448 through which the feedstock flows and thus controls the thickness of the feedstock impacted by air at a shear surface. The air flows over the thickness control insert 438 and through the opening 446 of the air flow area control plate 436 from the conduit 66B. The adjustment of the angle of the thickness control insert plate 438 controls the area through which the feedstock fluid may impact the feedstock fluid to cause it to flow outwardly. Thus with an easily replaceable control insert plate 438, the thickness of the feedstock fluid may be controlled, the length of the fluid may be controlled by the adjustment of the feedstock flow area control plate 436 and the area of the shear surface is determined by the distance between the bottom face of the air plate 436 and the top surface of the thickness control plate 438.

In FIG. 18, there is shown an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of spray apparatus of FIG. 17. As shown in FIG. 18, the half plate 450 receives the thickness control disk 438 which fits over the feedstock conduit with the inlet on the other side of the bolt 38A. This thickness control disk 438 spaces the air flow disk 436 from the half plate 450. The difference in the diameter between the thickness control disk 438 and the diameter of the opening of the inside of the base 440 determines the height of the fluid which is impacted by the air flowing through the opening 446 from the inlet 30B. The position of the air flow disk 436 to the extent it overlaps with the half plate 450 or is open to the open part 44B determines the arch length that is impacted by the air and the area of the inner wall 444 determines the area of the shear surface towards which the fluid flows before being moved out of the opening in the form of droplets.

In FIG. 19, there is shown a perspective view of a fixture 201 similar to the fixture 20H and having the air inlet 30B through the conduit 66B, the working feedstock fluid through the opening 38A and the conduit 444, the mounting bracket 442, the base 440, the air plate control 436, the thickness control disk 438 positioned in a manner similar to the embodiment of 20H. FIG. 20 is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 19. As best shown in the FIG. 20, the embodiment 201 includes an additional feedstock fluid control disk which fits over the half plate 450 and under the thickness control disk 438. This plate includes a closed half section 455 and an opening 452 so that the portion of the opening 452 is aligned with the opening 448 determines the area of fluid flow so as to give an additional control.

In FIG. 21, there is shown a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 90 for utilizing the spray systems such as the spray system 20C including a spray vehicle 92, which supports and carries at least a storage vessel 94, a pump 96 and booms or other fixture holders 98. In this specification, “spray vehicle” means any means of transporting a feedstock material for application to agricultural land whether it be a land vehicle, boat or an airplane and whether the spray vehicle is intended to spray a fluid such as for example a pesticide or intended to plant seeds. Commonly, the spray vehicle 92 may be a small vehicle such as would otherwise be used as a recreational vehicle or a golf cart or the like or may be larger vehicles such as pick-up trucks or still larger especially made heavy equipment intended for carrying agricultural input chemicals.

The storage vessel 94 which typically will be tanks or the like may contain an agricultural input material. Commonly, this material is concentrated and/or viscous in its original form, and unlike the prior art, is sprayed in viscous form although it may be slightly diluted. With the fixture 20C, viscous materials can be effectively sprayed and sprayed with droplet sizes that are particularly effective for foliar reception, or on the other hand, finer droplets that might be spread closer to the ground. Moreover, the spray vehicle can be a planter and the sprayed materials may be a very viscous material with randomly located seeds or other particles.

For example, a particularly effective herbicide, glyphosate, is generally diluted to a large heavy volume before spraying to reduce its viscosity and provide a carrier volume because the prevalent agricultural sprayers cannot effectively spray low volume or high viscosity herbicides. Glyphosate is sold by Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. 63167 U.S.A. under the trademark, Roundup. This invention effectively sprays glyphosate at a rate of one gallon or less of total liquid per acre rather than the ten gallons generally required for conventional sprayers. The higher viscosity spray reduces drift, increases efficiency of the herbicide because of its concentration and reduces cost.

The equipment is also capable of spraying powders including dry and suspended powders which may be utilized in some applications and suspensions of particles. In some applications, the fixture 20C includes means for applying a charge to the drops so as to direct them better to the plants. This device may take many of the forms known in the art such as for example passing the drops through an electric field.

The pump 96 is generally a low-volume, precision pump, pumping fluid to each fixture with zero pressure at the fixture. Because the invention does not require liquid pressure against an orifice for metering and atomization, high pressure pumps are not needed and leakage problems are avoided. In the preferred embodiment, it is a gear pump. In the preferred embodiment, the air supply will be blowing approximately five or less psi of a compatibly-selected kinetic energy fluid against a viscous fluid or other fluid within the fixtures 20C. The fixtures 20C is commonly mounted to spray booms as known in the art. The spray booms 98 are mounted on the spray vehicle 92 to provide coverage over a large area with a plurality of appropriately spaced fixtures along the boom.

In one embodiment, the spray from the fixtures 20C passes between two charged plates 23 supplied by a power supply 21. A single power supply can provide potential to several combinations of plates in parallel. The plates 23 induce a charge onto the drops leaving the fixtures 20C and this charge has been found to improve the contact of the drops with leaves under some circumstances. The separated plates may also be used to change the particles, drops or fibers emitted from the fixture or accelerator of FIG. 29.

In FIG. 22, there is a schematic block diagram of a planting system 100 having a planter 102, a storage vessel 104 for semisolids in which particles are suspended for distribution, a semisolid transfer mechanism 106, such as an auger and a fixture 20C. In this embodiment, relatively small seeds are suspended in the a storage vessel 104 for seed suspension materials. In this specification, “seed suspension materials” means a medium that is capable of keeping particles suspended for an extended period of time rather than permitting them to settle. In this specification, the language “in suspension” when referring to seeds or other solid particles means that the seeds or other particles are being held spaced from each other distributed through a medium without settling for the amount of time needed for planting seeds. This time may be a day or longer so that a farmer may use fluid drilling until a tank is used up without needing to mix the seeds again because they have settled from the original mixing.

The medium may be mainly a gel, or semisolid, or colloid or very viscous material. There is enough high density material including particles within the seed suspension materials to exert force on solid seeds and move them together with the semisolid rather than causing the semisolid to flow around them when shear plate force is applied. This combination permits seeds to be randomly mixed and randomly distributed in the seed suspension materials to be moved by an auger and eventually dispersed through the fixture 20C. The auger has pitch angles on the screw graduated from low angles at the inlet to facilitate feeding the seed gel mixture to higher angles in the delivery tube section to give a friction pumping surface to move the gel seed mix. The screw in effect provides a shear plate motive force for delivering the seed particles and the fluid while at the same time providing a moving delivery tube wall to dislodge any seed pile ups and further, it effectively singulates seeds into the delivery tube. The medium may of course include beneficial additives including biological additives such as beneficial microbes and other useful additives such as calcium peroxide to provide appropriate oxygen to the seeds.

In FIG. 23, there is shown another planter system 110 with the same planter 102 which may for example be a spray vehicle with a means for forming a trough and distribution of seeds in the trough, a storage vessel for seed suspension materials 104 and a semisolid transfer mechanism 106. However, instead of the fixture 20C, the seed suspension materials at the end of the auger is simply removed by a seed knife 112 which may be the flow of kinetic energy fluid or a solid member that frees the feedstock.

In FIG. 24, there is shown a flow diagram of a planting process 120 including the step 122 of forming a fluidic continuous medium capable of suspending seeds and moving the seeds with the continuous medium, the step 124 of mixing the seeds in the continuous medium to form fluidic semi-solid with randomly dispersed seeds within it and the step 126 of distributing the fluidic semi-solid with randomly dispersed seeds within it on an agricultural field. In this process, the fluidic continuous medium may be a material of sufficient density or a colloidal suspension having a density and viscosity that is sufficient so that the seeds will be extremely slow in settling. The seeds should be supported without settling significantly more than ten percent and preferably less than five percent in the period of time between mixing the seeds in the medium and planting. Normally, this time will be less than a 24 hour period since commonly the farmer will mix the seeds and medium in the same 24 hour time period as he plants. To obtain adequate mixing, the seeds should have force directly applied to them. This can be accomplished by mixing into the medium a sufficient amount of semi-solid particles and/or solid particles so that there is contact through the solid particles and the moving surfaces applying force for mixing.

In the preferred embodiment, this mixture is moved by an auger to a furrow for planting and sections of it as appropriate for the number of seeds are removed from the end of the auger into the furrow or broadcast onto the subject field using a spray fixture designed to spread the seeds over a broad pattern. This can be done with a substantially conventional or specially modified planter. The auger will be synchronized normally with the speed of the planter which may be received from the wheel speed or any other proportional area. The total acreage being utilized may be measured by a conventional global positioning system for purposes of monitoring the amount of seed being dispersed and, under some circumstances, for accounting purposes such as billing or the like. In this specification, a fluidic continuous medium capable of suspending seeds and moving the seeds with the continuous medium while the seeds remain randomly distributed will be called a “seed-supporting medium”.

In FIG. 25, there is shown a flow diagram of a process 130 for fluid drilling, including the step 132 of preparing a seed supporting medium and incorporating beneficial inputs with seeds, the step 134 of mixing seeds in the seed supporting medium to form fluidic semi-solid with randomly dispersed seeds within it and the step 136 of distributing the fluidic semi-solid with randomly dispersed seeds within it on an agricultural field. The beneficial inputs may be chemicals or beneficial microorganisms which can be sustained on the seed surface or in the hydrated seeds and facilitated by the appropriate seed supporting medium.

In FIG. 26, there is shown a flow diagram of a process 140 for forming fibers comprising the step 14Z of forming a liquid containing the substance to be formed into fibers or powders, the step 144 of causing movement of individual streams of the liquid into a working zone, the step 146 of stretching the streams into fibers of the desired length with at least one energy field and the step 148 of drying and collecting the fibers or the alternate steps 147 and 149 of forming particles such as powder and drying and collecting the particles. Some materials are difficult to put into a form which can be further formed into small fibers. For example silica and chitosan and many metal ceramic compositions are useful if they are put into a nano-fiber or nanoparticle form but it is difficult to get them into a liquid form and then use prior art processes to form nano-fibers. In this invention, once the desired substances are put into a liquid, they can be moved as indicated by the step 144 into a working zone by the apparatuses of FIG. 3, 28 or 29. While in the working zone, streams of the liquid can be stretched to the desired diameter using an energy field or plurality of energy fields. In the preferred embodiment, the liquid includes solvent which evaporates resulting in solid fiber or particles. For example the apparatus of FIGS. 3, 28 and 29 provide a kinetic energy fluid as one field and another kinetic energy fluid as another field which stretches the streams because they are moving at different velocities, one on one side of the stream and the other on another side. When the streams are at the right desired diameter, they are dried and can be collected by known processes such as electrospinning or a charged collector as shown in step 148.

In FIG. 27, there is shown a process 150 for forming one important material, chitosan, into a liquid state so as to form chitosan fibers or powders which are useful for many purposes. For example chitosan fibers can be used in many pharmaceutical applications such as drug delivery and controlled release and in medical technology such as wound and burn dressings or surgical treatment, dermatitis and fungal infections, contact lens, bacteriostat and fungistat and bone disease, biotechnology applications such as membranes, biocatalysts, enzyme immobilization, protein separation, cell immobilization, food products, preservatives, fat absorption animal feed additives, metal-chelating processes such as absorption of transition metal ions such as copper, chromium, lead, silver and so on, agricultural products such as timed-release, seed coating, foliar application and paper products. However, there are difficulties in forming a liquid containing chitosan that would be suitable for the making of fibers. One difficulty is that most known solutions are more conductive than desirable and have a higher viscosity than desirable for the prior art methods of forming fibers. An improved method of putting chitosan into a liquid state is shown in FIG. 27.

In FIG. 27 there is shown an improved process for putting chitosan into a liquid state suitable for the forming of fibers, thin films, mats or powders having the step 152 of dissolving chitosan powder in a water in an acidic solution such as a acetic acid solution, the step of 154 of bubbling carbon dioxide through the chitosan solution, the step 156 of adding an organic solvent while continuing to bubble carbon dioxide through the solution until it is suitable for making a desired solution that can be used to make fibers or powders or the step 157 of adding a surfactant while continuing to bubble carbon dioxide through the solution until the solution is suitable for forming powder. While it is known that acetic acid can be displaced by bubbling carbon dioxide through the acetic acid solution, this has not been applied to chitosan solutions. While carbonic acid (H₂CO₃, on CO₂ solubilization) has a lower pK than acetic acid, it is mere mass action imposed by continuous feeding of the former that facilitates removal of the organic acid from the aqueous environment. The use of CO₂ instead of an inert gas has the synergistic effect of stabilizing a pH below five, which is critical to maintaining chitosan in solution. However, the CO₂ bubbling by itself leads to chitosan precipitation by saturation as the water and acid is removed. This problem is avoided by adding solvent. Superior results in avoiding precipitation of chitosan have been obtained by replacing the lost ingredients with ethanol, thus synergistically lowering the surface tension, viscosity and conductivity of the solution, which is required for making fibers. If an alcohol is added without bubbling carbon dioxide through the solution, the solution may form a gel with only the addition of a small amount of alcohol.

The chitosan-water-CO₂-ethanol solution is difficult to spin in this form. However, it has been found that addition of as little as 0.25 wt. % or preferably 1.25 ml. % poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is sufficient to markedly improve fiber formation using prior art spinning techniques with temperature and voltage control and the addition of surfactant improves the formation of powders. The use of the two kinetic energy fluids on different sides of a compatibly-selected feedstock material also permits the formation of satisfactory fibers without electrospinning and the formation of longer fibers using the above solution and electrospinning

Evaporation of a small amount of ethanol during the time-of-flight of the charged liquid filaments from the delivery capillary to the collector electrode is all it takes to induce solidification. Interestingly, while the dominant chitosan weight fraction in the fibers is insoluble in water, washing the fibrous deposits with de-ionized water lowers the PEO content below its starting value. More specifically, in one embodiment, solutions of chitosan requiring very small amounts of plasticizers such as poly(ethylene)oxide, or no plasticizer agents at all, are prepared by dissolution of chitosan in carboxylic or mineral acid aqueous solutions, followed by total or partial displacement of the acid with carbon dioxide bubbling, and addition of controlled amounts of ethanol. With the aid of electrohydrodynamic processing of the solution formulation, fibers and particles with diameters in the micron and submicron range are produced. The chitosan solution formulation also affords processing into thin films, given its lower surface tension than other formulations based on water and carboxylic and/or mineral acids.

In FIG. 28, there is shown an apparatus 160 of forming continuous fibers having a fixture 20A, a collector 162, a source of high potential 164, a motor 66 for driving the drum assembly and that serves as a collector 162. The fixture 20A receives two kinetic energy fluids through the regulators 75 and 77 to contact the feedstock material. The feedstock material is being extruded from needle openings 50A-50E onto the collector 162 which is rotated by the motor 166 while a high potential electrical difference is applied between the needles 50A-50E and the collector 162 to further stretch and draw the fibers. In the preferred embodiment, the fibers are drawn into nanofibers. For example, in one embodiment, the feedstock material leaving the needles 50A-50D is fed at a rate between and two and seven microliters per minute through the regulator 75 (FIG. 30).

The collector 162 and the needles 50A-50E are spaced five to ten inches apart and the gradient is approximately 4 to 600 volts per centimeter. Without the potential applied, non-oriented nanofibers can be produced. With the potential applied, a mat is obtained consisting of micrometer diameter fibers parallel to each other in length between each other by nanofibers forming a tissue like mat of considerable strength with the ability of having good cell adhesion to be useful in many biomedical applications. Variations in viscosity and potential can result in electro spray of fine particles when it is desired to make nano particles.

In FIG. 29, there is shown a simplified, schematic, perspective view of a system 160 for making objects, such as bandages, containing nano-fibers and/or nano-particles. In the embodiment 160, the nano-fibers and particles are of chitosan and used to form a mat 456 on a base 464 which may be cut up into sections and serve as bandages. However, the system may be used for many other types of nano-fibers or nano-particles.

The system 160 includes as its principal parts a liquid forming fixture 20G, a pair of accelerating drums 462, a collector 464 and a source of potential 164. The liquid forming fixture 20G is similar to the fixture 20A in that it supplies air through openings 52 and 54 to stretch a feedstock material exiting the opening 50F. In the preferred embodiment, the feedstock material is chitosan which is caused to exit as a plurality of thin strands. The feedstock compartment is electrically connected at 73 through a column 53 to a replenishment source of feedstock and air is supplied to the inner chamber of the fixture 20G through an inlet 77. A kinetic energy fluid diverting slide 536 is mounted in side barriers 532 and 534 to move over a top barrier 530 to divert controlled amounts of the kinetic energy fluid into the feedstock material at an angle to it.

To further guide the feedstock material and accelerate it, the feedstock inlet 73 is electrically connected through a conductor 478 to a source of potential so that the feedstock is charged as it leaves the fixture 20G. While the charge is imparted by a direct electrical connection, in some embodiments the feedstock is charged as it leaves the fixture by passing it through an electrical field so as to induce charge into the exiting strands or particles. The source of potential 164 is also connected to the accelerator drums 462 with a potential sufficient to attract the charged strands or particles from the fixture 20G. In the preferred embodiment, the accelerator drums 462 are at ground level and the feedstock material within the fixture 20G is positively charged. However, the feedstock material could be negatively charged and the accelerator only slightly more positive charged. The potential, aids in causing the strands to be drawn to the accelerator drums 462 and to be accelerated by the potential field as they move.

The accelerator drums 462 includes cylindrical rotatable drums 472 and 474 rotated together as indicated by the arrows by a drive 466 so that the feedstock material is pulled into the bite of the rotating drums as they rotate together in opposite directions and accelerate the strands still further. The acceleration of the strands is sufficient at this location to break strands into fine particles. While a rotating drum accelerator is utilized in the embodiment 160, any other appropriate accelerator could be utilized. For example, a strong enough electric field would also accelerate the strands. The acceleration, because it stretches the strands breaks it into uniform nano-sized particles. To accomplish this the acceleration must be sufficient and this must be determined empirically for each material used as the feedstock. The acceleration drums or other acceleration means may receive streams from any source and form micro fibers or micro particles. If a voltage difference is applied between the accelerators and the collector, the micro particles and micro fibers may be converted to nanofibers and nanoparticles.

The base 464 is also electrically connected to the source of potential 164 to receive a negative potential and draw the particles of feedstock material 476 onto its surface. In the preferred embodiment, the base 464 is a bandage based material driven as a conveyor by motors 166A and 166B while the particles accumulate on its surface to form a mat 456. In the preferred embodiment, this mat is chitosan which may be medicated to provide a superior bandage because of its large surface area. In the preferred embodiment, the feedstock material includes sufficient solvent so that it is fluidic and can be emitted from the fixture 20G. However the solvent evaporates after it leaves the fixture and the ligaments solidify into strands and/or particles.

In FIG. 30, there is shown a simplified perspective view of an embodiment of drum accelerator 462A usable in the embodiment of FIG. 29 having a first plurality of rollers 468A-468C and a second plurality of rollers 470A-470D. Each of the rollers 468A-468C, 470B and 470C is shaped as two cones with their flat bases together to form a symmetrical unit with two curved sides. The two rollers 470A and 470D are half cones. The cones 468A-468C have their rounded ends adjacent to each other as do the rollers 470A-470D and the two pluralities of rollers are meshed together so that the curved sides of the roller 468A engages the curved sides of the adjacent rollers 470A and 470B fitting there between. Similarly, the roller 468B fits between the two sides of the rollers 470B and 470C. The roller 468C fits between the sides of the rollers 470C and 470D so that the particles have increased surface area over continuous cylindrical rollers.

In FIG. 31, there is shown an SEM of non-oriented chitosan fibers drawn with a potential gradient above 100 volts per centimeter to a stationary collector to form a thin film or paper. With slow rotation, a mat is formed such as the mat shown in FIG. 33. In FIG. 33 there is shown an SEM of a mat including chitosan fibers 172 in the micrometer diameter range (between 0.5 and 1.5) and chitosan fibers 174 in the nanometer range with micrometer fibers 172 cross-linked with the nanometer range fibers 174. The flow rates were generally between 0.25 microliters and 10 microliters per hour with the distance between electrodes being approximately between two centimeters and 60 centimeters and preferably between 8 to 30 centimeters. The fibers contain no salt since it was unnecessary to neutralize acid in the formation of the material.

In FIG. 32, there are shown oriented fibers (longitudinal axis parallel to each other) that are obtained by more rapid rotation and a higher potential gradient. The limit on the potential gradient is related to arcing between the fibers and can be increased with spatial increases between fibers at the price of having fewer fibers per square inch in a final matted product. The chitosan mats and fibers are obtained without salt impurities in the feedstock material. The solution should be between a viscosity of between 30 centipoise (cP) and 2000 centipoise. With 65.4 centipoise at 21.8 percent torque, there is a surface tension of 32.1 dynes and at 537 centipoise at 17.9 percent torque, the surface tension is 31.5 dynes. The needle orifices 50A-50E are generally 20 gauge.

The flow rates used to obtain the fibers of FIGS. 31-33 from the apparatus of FIG. 29 are in the micro liter per hour range, and an electrical potential difference is applied between the needle and a collector electrode surface, preferably located several inches away from the liquid delivery point. Depending on key physical properties of the solution being subjected to EHD (e.g., viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity), on partial or total solvent evaporation dissolved matter can lead to either particles (electrospray) or fibers (electrospinning).

A very small amount of polyethylene oxide (PEO) is added as a plasticizer to facilitate fiber formation on electrospinning. Dissolved carbon dioxide keeps the pH of the solution low enough to avoid chitosan precipitation. By doping the solution with small amounts of PEG, fiber diameter can be bimodal, with the aligned large-diameter (dominant) fibers having an average diameter of 5 μm, and the cross-linking filaments having an average diameter of about 100 nm, as shown in FIG. 33. On deposition of an electrically charged fiber, a simple and rapid discharge mechanism consists of establishing such peculiar multiple points of contact with adjacent, or sub-layer fibers. The generation of such extremely thin inter-fiber filaments cannot occur between two discharged, gelatinous fiber strands in light of surface tension arguments.

The oriented fiber structure looks like a membrane with average pore diameter around 10 μm. Oriented fiber mats constitute an advance over conventional membranes or fibers since anisotropic mechanical properties are key for certain applications such as cartilage engineering. The fibers emanate in a solvent-swollen state since drying of the mats with a heat gun led to a ten-fold diameter decrease (not shown). The diameter of the fibers, besides being a function of the physical properties of the solutions, depends strongly on the concentration of PEO.

EXAMPLES

While many other values of the variables in the following examples can be selected from this description with predictable results, the following non-limiting examples illustrate the inventions:

General Procedure

Solutions of chitosan in acetic acid/water/alcohol were bubbled with pure carbon dioxide gas at atmospheric pressure, and ethanol, methanol or acetone—depending on the co-solvent originally chosen—was added.

Example 1 Formation of C0₂-EtOH-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Suspend 1 g of chitosan powder (Aldrich DA=80.6%) in 99 ml of water. Then add 1 ml of glacial acetic acid (EM Science, 99.9%).

Result:

A few drops of the 1% chitosan/acetic acid solution in ethanol are enough to yield precipitates.

Example 2 Formation of CO₂-EtOH-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Dissolve chitosan in a 1% acetic acid, 40% ethanol, and 59% distilled water solution.

Result:

Could not dissolve chitosan.

Example 3 Formation of C0₂-EtOH-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

A suspension of chitosan powder in 300 ml of distilled water was magnetically stirred. Glacial acetic acid (9.53 mL) was then added to dissolve the suspended chitosan. The resulting solution was bubbled with carbon dioxide (Linweld, industrial grade) for 30 min. After that, ethanol (Pharmco, 200 proof) was added slowly to the solution while stirring and bubbling CO₂ until total solution reached a volume of one liter.

Result:

A clear chitosan solution was produced with no precipitates.

Example 4 Formation of CO₂-MeOH-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Suspend 1 g of chitosan powder (Aldrich DA=80.6%) in 99 ml of water. Then add 1 ml of glacial acetic acid (EM Science, 99.9%).

Result:

A few drops of the 1% chitosan/acetic acid solution in methanol are enough to yield precipitates.

Example 5 Formation of CO₂— MeOH-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Dissolve chitosan in a 1% acetic acid, 40% methanol, and 59% distilled water solution.

Result:

Could not dissolve chitosan.

Example 6 Formation of C0₂-MeOH-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

A suspension of chitosan powder (Vanson, DA=83.3%), in 300 ml of distilled water was magnetically stirred. Glacial acetic acid (9.53 mL, EM Science, 99.9%) was then added to dissolve the suspended chitosan. The resulting solution was bubbled with carbon dioxide (linweld, industrial grade) for 30 min. After that, methanol was added slowly to the solution while stirring and bubbling CO₂ until total solution reached a volume of 1 L.

Result:

A clear chitosan solution was produced with no precipitates.

Example 7 Formation of CO₂—Ac-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Suspend 1 g of chitosan powder (Aldrich DA=80.6%) in 99 ml of water. Then add 1 mil of glacial acetic acid (EM Science, 99.9%).

Result:

A few drops of the 1% chitosan/acetic acid solution in acetone are enough to yield precipitates.

Example 8 Formation of CO₂— Ac-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Dissolve chitosan in a 1% acetic acid-30% acetone-69% distilled water solution.

Result:

Could not dissolve chitosan.

Example 9 Formation of CO₂—Ac-Chitosan Solution

Procedure:

Seven g chitosan (Vanson, 83.3%) was stirred in the solution of 315 ml distilled water and 65 ml acetone (EM Science, 99.5%). Adding 6.67 ml glacial acetic acid allowed dissolution of chitosan with stirring. The resulting solution was bubbled with CO₂ for 30 min. After that, acetone was added at a rate of 200 ml/h until the total volume of the solution reached 70 ml. This solution was called CO₂—Ac-chitosan.

Result:

A clear chitosan solution was produced with no precipitates.

Tables 1 and 2 below summarize the results of the examples. Table 1 shows the conductivity and surface tension of the solvent use to prepare chitosan solution and table 2 shows the conductivity, surface tension viscosity and pH of chitosan solution prepared as in examples 3, 6 and 9. It appears from these tables that CO₂ bubbling significantly improves the characteristics of chitosan solution that aid in electrospinning.

In FIG. 34, there is shown a block diagram of a planting system 200 having a seed carrier system 214, a seed and a carrier mixing system 216 and a controlled fluid drilling system 218. After the appropriate seeds are prepared by initiating germination or priming or otherwise treating the seeds such as for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,144 granted to John A. Eastin on May 13, 1997, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,181 granted to John Eastin on Nov. 11, 2003, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,301 granted to John Eastin on Jun. 20, 2000, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,050 TABLE 1 Conductivity and pH of solution containing 1% acetic acid in different solvents. Conductivity Solvent (μS/cm) pH Water 645 2.84 70% EtOH, 29% water 22.3 3.87 70% EtOH, 29% water after bubbling CO₂ 22.1 3.93 70% EtOH, 29% water with bubbling CO₂ 21.0 3.95

TABLE 2 Conductivity and surface tension of 1% chitosan in 1% acetic acid in different aqueous organic solvents after carbon dioxide bubbling. Conductivity Surface tension solvent (μS/cm) (dymes/cm) Viscosity (cP) pH Water (pure) 2180 63 93.9 @31.3% 4.14 70% EtOH 216 31.8 53.7 @17.9% 5.26 70% MeOH 695 32.1 65.4 @21.8% 5.44 55% Acetone 715 35 53.7 @17.9% 5.33 granted to John Eastin on Jun. 8, 1999, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,974,734 granted to John Eastin on Nov. 2, 1999, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,144 granted to John Eastin on May 13, 1997, they are applied to the seed and carrier mixing system 216 where they are mixed with the seed carrier from the seed carrier system 214 to form a matrix of seeds suspended in carrier. This matrix is applied to the controlled fluid drilling system 218 for planting in the field.

In one embodiment of the planting system 200, imbibition is done prior to mixing the seed into the gel but only until activation of the seed and prior to the stage of growth. It may then be: (1) returned to the water content it had before priming; (2) stored, and later; (3) added to the carrier, which may be a conventional gel for fluid drilling. The germination process continues through the activation and growth stages in the gel and/or in the soil after planting. The time it remains in the gel must be relatively short in terms of days such as less than four days although it differs from seed to seed. Preferably, the seeds are planted within six hours of mixing them into the gel. The process is desirable if no more than 20 percent of the seeds are more than 30 percent into the activation stage prior to the removal of water. The activation stage is considered to be from the start of metabolic action in the seed before growth until the start of growth and the above percentages are percentages of time of the activation stage.

In addition to priming, several other treatments can be performed on the seeds prior to mixing them with the gel, such as for example: (1) germination may be started; (2) beneficial microorganisms may be added to inoculate the seeds during priming or the microorganisms may be added to the gel; (3) damaged seeds can be removed by sorting out larger seeds after soaking the seeds to cause the damaged seeds to swell or permitting matrix material to adhere to the seed during priming to make a larger cluster; and/or (5) systemic resistance to disease can be induced by introducing desired agents during priming or in the fluid.

The planter separates the seeds with a small amount of gel around each of them and plants them in furrows or broadcast spaces them on the ground as needed. The amount of gel is considerably less than in prior art fluid drilling systems. The pre-emergence time of seeds planted by this method is relatively close such as, for example, 80 percent of some plants emerge within one week of each other in contrast to 20 percent by some prior art fluid drilling processes. The seed carrier system 214 includes a suitable gel 30 and, under some circumstances, additives 32 which are mixed into the gel. The additives 232 may be microorganisms or pesticides or growth hormones, or fertilizers useful in planting which are intended to innoculate, enter and stimulate or protect the seed and seedling.

The gel 230 may be conventional and has a volume: (1) for large seeds such as those of corn, preferable approximately equal to the volume of the seeds but always between half the volume of the seeds and four times the volume of the seeds; and (2) for small vegetable seeds such as cabbage, preferably twice the volume of the seeds and always between the same volume as the seeds and less than ten times the volume of the seeds.

The gel 230 must have a viscosity and mobility: (1) sufficiently low to fill each groove at least half way as the screw turns; (2) sufficiently low to be released at the end of the nozzle with a difference in air pressure as low as one-sixteenth pound per square inch across the nozzle tip; and (3) with sufficient high density particles and semi-solid materials to enable mixing of the seeds by forces applied to the gel seed mixture, particle or seed.

Generally, many suitable gels are known and may be used in the densities prescribed. For example, hydroxyethylcellulose sold by Hercules, Inc., 910 Market Street, Wilmington, Del. 19899, under the trademark “NATROSOL” may be used mixed in the recommended proportions. This gel has been shown to be capable of supporting microorganisms in fluid planting. This particular gel, although not the only one available, is described in Bulletin 250-11 revision 10-80, 10M07640 entitled NATROSOL printed by Hercules, Inc. at the aforementioned address, and its use in mixing is similarly described in other fliers produced by that company.

The viscosity may be measured using a viscometer such as the Brookfield viscometer and should be in the range of 1,800 to 4,000 centipoises, and generally: (1) for small seeds such as cabbage seeds, it is in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 centipoises; (2) for medium sized seeds, it is in the range of 2,500 to 3,000 centipoises; and (3) for large seeds such as corn, it is in the range of 3,000 to 4,000 centipoises. However, the exact viscosity can be determined easily by trial and error in the operation of the seed or particle feeder.

The seed and carrier mixing system 216 includes a mixer 234 and additives 236. The mixing may be done by hand or by an automatic mixer which receives the seeds and the gel and mixes them together thoroughly. Additives such as microorganisms, pesticides, fertilizers or growth hormones may be added at this stage if they have not been added at a prior stage. The seeds and gel should be sufficiently mixed to leave the seeds in suspension and may be done in large quantities and then suitably poured into the holder, tank or hopper for the seed or particle feeder or may be mixed in the hopper for the seed or particle feeder. If they are added to the hopper from a larger mixer, care must be taken so that laminar flow does not remove the seeds from suspension or the mixing must be repeated in the hopper. Preferably, an auger is used to move the feedstock material and the feedstock material has sufficient semisolid and solid material in it so that the shear force supplied by the auger surfaces imparts force to the entire feedstock material rather than selective to its components. Generally, if poured into the hoppers in large quantities, the suspension is not to be disturbed.

The controlled fluid drilling system 218 includes a planter 240, a seed measurement system for the planter 242, a seed or particle feeder 244 for feeding the combination of gel and seeds and a separator 246 for separating the seeds, a monitor 249 for the seeds and a control system 250. The planter 240 may be a conventional planter pulled by a primary vehicle such as a tractor and for opening furrows in the ground and to permit seeds to be inserted into them and for closing the furrows or may be used with conventional broadcast equipment. The seed or particle feeder 244 and the separator 246 are mounted on the planter 240 to feed gel and seed to the furrow and separate seeds. The seed or particle feeder 244 is monitored by the monitor 248. A control system 250 may be used to compare the speed of the tractor with the feeding of seeds and adjust the seed or particle feeder 244 to maintain the proper orientation. In one embodiment, the speed of operation of the seed or particle feeder 244 is measured rather than the actual seeds being dispersed and this is correlated with the number of seeds in accordance with the seed density in the gel. This is done automatically by conventional planter equipment which drive the gel seed or particle feeder in this invention but are known for driving seed drilling equipment. Also, the monitor 248 is visible to the operator who can adjust either the speed of the primary mover pulling the planter 240 or the speed of the seed or particle feeder 244 in other embodiments.

In FIG. 35, there is shown a perspective view of an embodiment of planter 240A intended for planting relatively small seeds such as cabbage, cucumbers or similar vegetable seeds. Planter 240A as shown in FIG. 35 includes within it parts for planting in two rows, with each being indicated as one of two row sections 243A and 243B having corresponding numbers with corresponding prefixes “A” or “B”. The rows are adjustable with respect to each other on the planter.

The planter 240A is similar in many respects to prior art planters and, in the preferred embodiment, is a modification of an existing drawn planter of a type manufactured and sold by Stanhay Company with the modifications being directed principally to the operation and mounting of the seed or particle feeders indicated at 244A and 244B and a common separator section 246 supplying air to separator sections 246A and 246B. The planter includes a depth control gage having first and second depth control gage wheels (not shown in FIG. 35), first and second tool bar support wheels 260A and 260B, first and second furrow preparing sections 262A and 262B, first and second furrow closing and pressing sections 264A and 264B, and a tool bar 259. The seed or particle feeders 244A and 244B and the separator 246 are adapted to be mounted on the planter to dispense a matrix, to separate the seeds, and to cause them to drop into a furrow before it is closed and pressed.

The planter is adapted to be pulled by a tractor 270 in a conventional manner and the tractor 270, in some embodiments, has mounted on it a suitable monitor 248 and indicating displays to show the speed of movement of the tractor 270 and the rate of dispensing of the seeds by the seed or particle feeders 244A and 244B or, in other embodiments, a count of the seeds to permit ready correlation of the speed of the tractor 270 with the rate of dispensing seeds to control the spacing of seeds. The common separator section 246 has a blower or other source of low pressure air 272 connected through a pressure gauge 274 with two hoses 246A and 246B for separating seeds in each of the two seed or particle feeders 244A and 244B. The seed or particle feeders 244A and 244B have corresponding feed hoppers 276A and 276B for receiving the mixture of gel and seed and feeding it to a fixture for separation by the separators 246A and 246B to be more fully explained hereinafter.

In FIG. 36, there is shown a side elevational view of the planter 240A from side A to FIG. 35, showing one tool bar wheel 260A, one depth control gage wheel 261A, the furrow preparing section 262A and the furrow closing and pressing section 264A. As shown in this view, the common separator section 246 (FIG. 35) blows air through the separator hose 246A adjacent to the feed hopper 276A. The feed hopper 276A includes a bottom feed section 278A ending at a tip 279A of the bottom feed section 278A and the separator hose 246A is located adjacent to the furrow preparing section 262A and before the furrow closing and pressing section 264A to feed seeds and gel into the furrow after it is opened and before it is closed.

To drive the bottom feed section 278A at a speed related to the movement of the planter 240A, the furrow closing and pressing section 264A includes a chain and sprocket section 280A with a bottom sprocket wheel 282A rotating with the pressing wheels and driving a top sprocket wheel 284A through a chain drive. The top sprocket wheel 284A rotates a shaft 286A through gearing, which shaft powers the bottom feed section 278A. A similar transmission for driving the seed or particle feeder 244B (not shown in FIG. 36) is connected in a similar manner on the other side of the planter 240A. Other conventional drive mechanisms can be adapted in a similar manner such as generating a signal indicating ground speed from a power shaft.

In FIG. 37, there is shown a side elevational view of an embodiment 240B of a planter intended for larger seeds, such as corn seeds, having as some of its parts: (1) depth control gage wheels, one of which is shown at 261C; (2) a plurality of disc openers, one of which is shown at 263C; (3) a plurality of furrow preparing sections, one of which is shown at 262C; (4) a plurality of separators, one of which is shown at 246C; (5) a plurality of seed or particle feeders, one of which is shown at 244C; and (6) a plurality of sets of furrow closing and pressing sections, one of which is shown at 264C.

As in the embodiments of FIGS. 35 and 36, the embodiment of FIG. 37 contains a plurality of parallel row preparing sections for simultaneously planting a plurality of rows of seeds parallel to each other side-by-side and the embodiment of 240B is similar in many respects to the embodiment of planter 240A. However, the embodiment of 240B includes a water reservoir and pump shown generally at 290, and a different furrow digging shoe to be described hereinafter. The water reservoir and pump 290 is used only to clean equipment and does not enter into the planting of seeds. The seed or particle feeder 244C is shown with a bottom feed section 278C which feeds the seeds and matrix to its nozzle 336 where the seeds are separated one-by-one by the separator 246C. As shown in this embodiment, the nozzle 336 for the bottom feed section 278C and the nozzle for the separator 246C are placed in close juxtaposition with each other, and with the furrow being prepared so that the separator 246C blows air downwardly and perpendicularly to the ground or in a slight angle to the ground across the tip of the nozzle 336 of the bottom feed section 278C, thus causing seeds as they are moved to the nozzle outlet to be forced away from the nozzle 336 one by one to the ground.

To prepare the ground for receiving the seed and matrix, each furrow preparing section, such as 262C, includes a corresponding planting shoe, such as 294C, adapted to cooperate with and be aligned with a corresponding disk opener 263C. The shoe 294C is mounted for adjustment in depth to a mounting plate 295C which maintains it in position at a constant depth with respect to the ground. The bottom feed section 278C and the separator 246C are mounted adjacent to the shoe 294C to place the seed and matrix in the ground behind it.

Because the seeds are able to emerge sooner in this gel planter, the shoe 294C (shown broken away in FIG. 37) during planting is less deep than in many applications. It is adjustable in position and in FIG. 37 is shown raised slightly above ground and would be adjusted to soil moisture depth when planting. The seed or particle feeder 278C is driven in the same manner as the embodiments of FIGS. 35 and 36, but may be driven by separate motors if desired. The nozzle 336 of the seed or particle feeder is positioned within wings of the shoe 294C at a distance from the ground and within the furrow forming element so as to cause the seed and matrix to be properly deposited.

In FIG. 38, there is shown a fragmentary, rear perspective view of the planter 240B four row sections 243C, 243D, 243E and 243F for forcing gel and seeds from their four corresponding seed or particle feeders 244C-244F to the corresponding fixtures (not shown in FIG. 38). In the preferred embodiment, the bottom feed sections, one of which is shown at 278E, are controlled by the speed of the vehicle. However, they may be independent of the speed of the vehicle and controlled automatically or by an operator in conjunction with a separate speedometer for the tractor. This arrangement is especially advantageous when seed counters of the optical type are used since an adjustment can be made from the cab based on the seed count to maintain regular spacing. In such a case, they may be driven by a separate hydraulic or electric motor.

As best shown in FIG. 38, the tool bar support wheels 260C and 260D are mounted by hydraulic cylinders 281C and 281D to the tool bar 259A in a conventional manner to adjust the depth or height of the planting shoes. The seed or particle feeder, one of which is shown at 276E feeds into the furrow. Conventional row markers 279A and 79B mark the rows. To supply air under pressure to the seed or particle feeders such as 276E, the separator 246A includes a source of air under pressure and a pressure gauge mounted to the tractor and connected by conduits to supply air to a location near the seed or particle feeder. In the preferred embodiment, the source of air under pressure includes a blower as described above.

In FIG. 39, there is shown a perspective view of a planting shoe 294 having a mounting shaft 296, a cutting edge 298, a furrow forming portion 300, and a trailing portion 302. The mounting shaft 296 is generally square and attached to the top of the planting shoe 294. The planting shoe 294 is mounted horizontally behind the disk openers of the planter to prepare a furrow as it is moved through the ground. The cutting edge 298 is mounted so that it is substantially within the ground with its top flat surface above the ground. The cutting edge 298 is able to dig or deepen a furrow. Its furrow forming portion 300 widens the furrow, and its trailing portion 302 causes loose soil to be moved out of the way.

As shown in FIG. 40, the trailing portion 302 of the planting shoe 294 contains outwardly extending portions 304 and 306 and a cut away portion which permits some flexing as it passes through the furrow and forces the soil to the side. The seeds are fed between the outwardly extending portions 304 and 306 from a height sufficient to avoid clogging of the nozzle with dirt and close enough to the furrow to prevent the matrix and seeds from being moved outside the furrow while falling by various forces such as wind or vibrations.

In FIG. 41, there is shown a perspective view of an embodiment of shoe 310 for planting larger seeds, such as corn, having a mounting bracket 312, two aligned cutting edges 314A and 314B, and a trailing portion 318. The cutting edges 314A and 314B and trailing portion 318 are substantially identical to the cutting edge 298 (FIG. 39), furrow forming portion 300 (FIG. 39) and trailing portion 302 (FIG. 39). However, since the furrow should be deeper for these seeds, the cutting edge 314A is lower than the cutting edge 298 (FIG. 39) and the cutting edge 314B is wide to make a deeper, wider furrow. These designs of shoes enable the gel to fall within the groove and be relatively regular in location notwithstanding a slightly angled path of the gel from the nozzle caused by wind or vibration. To form a protective area for the matrix, gel and seeds to fall, the spaced apart portions 304 and 306 of FIGS. 39 and 40 are spaced from each other where the seeds drop. The planting shoes 294 (FIGS. 39 and 40) and 310 are mounted to float at the level adjusted for the openers to which they are mounted under the control of the level gauge wheels in a manner known in the art, for this purpose the mounting bracket 312 is mounted to the shoe 310 and the mounting bracket 312 is movably mounted to an opener mounting bracket in a manner to be described hereinafter.

In FIG. 42, there is shown a perspective view of a seed or particle feeder 244 and a separator 246 of a type which is most useful for small seeds, such as carrot or cabbage seeds. The seed or particle feeder 244 includes a feed hopper 276A, a bottom feed section 278A, a motor output shaft 330, a mounting bracket 332, a vibrator 334 and a nozzle 336A. To expel seeds and matrix, the bottom feed section 278A is: (1) connected to and driven by the shaft 330; (2) mounted by the mounting bracket 332 to the frame of the planter; and (3) mounted to the feed hopper 276A from which it receives gel and seeds. It drives the seeds and gel under the driving force of the shaft 330 through the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A while the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A is vibrated by the vibrator 334. The shaft 330 is rotated by a chain and sprocket section (not shown in FIG. 42) in synchronism with the speed of the planter across a field or by a motor. The separator 246 includes a nozzle 340, a hose 342 and a mounting bracket 344. The hose 342 is in communication with the source of air 272 (FIG. 35) which may be as low as one-sixteenth pound per square inch pressure above atmospheric pressure and as high as 10 psi for broadcast applications but is preferably between one-quarter psi to four psi. The air is transferred under pressure through the hose 342 to the nozzle 340. The hose 342 is mounted to the feed hopper 276A by the mounting bracket 344 so that its nozzle 340 is above and pointing substantially perpendicularly downwardly toward the ground at a location just beyond the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A to blow air across that nozzle 336A downwardly to the ground or in a pattern to broadcast distribute seeds in the pattern desired. The hose 342 is relatively stiff so that it may be mounted in position without moving under wind pressure or the like.

The feed hopper 276A is generally open topped and rectangular, being capable of holding several gallons of gel and seed with sides extending downwardly to a location close to the bottom feed section 278A where it is angled to communicate therewith. Other sizes and shapes of feed hoppers may be used, with the wall construction being adapted to cause the seeds and the gel to move into the bottom of the hopper 276A and into the bottom feed section 278A without the seeds being separated by laminar flow against the walls of the hopper, or settling into groups of sizes within the gel because of the period of time required for the large quantity of gel to be planted. Thus, the size of the feed hopper is related to the stability of the suspension of seeds and gel and is designed to retain uniformity in the dispersion of seeds within the feed hopper 276A until the seeds are driven through the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A. The bottom feed section 278A of the seed or particle feeder 244 includes a cylindrical casing having an axis generally perpendicular to the central axis of the feed hopper 276A or inclined at an angle thereto. The angle of the bottom feed section 278A is such as to cause gravity to aid in the feeding of gel from the feed hopper 276A through the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A. The longitudinal axis of the feed means makes an angle with the longitudinal axis of the feed hopper 276A such that the feed nozzle 336A is lower and further away from the top of the feed hopper 276A than the end receiving the motor output shaft 330.

To move the gel and seeds with a positive force, the feed means has a generally cylindrical casing which may be mounted at its bottom end by a mounting bracket 332 to the housing or by any other means. It receives at one end the motor output shaft 330, which is rotated by a hydraulic motor or by gearing connected to the press wheels or any other mechanism to force the seed/gel mixture toward the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A. The seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A extends from a cap or closure mounted about the bottom feed section 278A to emit gel downwardly such as that shown at 337.

To maintain seeds in the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A in a uniform suspension for dispersion in spite of possible laminar flow through the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A, the vibrator 334 includes an electromagnet 350, a mounting base 352, a mounting bracket 354 and a yoke 356. The mounting base 352 is mounted to the cylindrical casing of the bottom feed section 278A by the bracket 354 and supports the electromagnet 350. The electromagnet 350 includes a U-shaped ferromagnetic outer member and a centrally located conductive winding connected to a source of alternating voltage that creates a flux path within the U-shaped ferromagnetic material first in one direction and then in the opposite direction to attract and repel the yoke 356.

To vibrate the nozzle 336A, the yoke 356 includes a ferromagnetic spring and downwardly extending member which fits around and grasps the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A. The ferromagnetic spring extends between the legs of the U-shaped ferromagnetic material, being firmly fastened at one end and spring-biased from the other end, so that the flux path through the U-shaped member pulls the free end of the spring toward it to complete a flux path in one direction, and releases it as the flux path changes directions, pulling it back again to complete the path in the other direction. This action vibrates the yoke 356 and the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A at a frequency and amplitude sufficient to maintain a smooth flow of seeds. While a typical ferromagnetic vibrator 334 has been disclosed, there are many such vibrators of different types available commercially and other vibrators may be utilized if it vibrates the yoke 356 at a frequency and displacement amplitude: (1) sufficient to prevent the separation of seeds from the matrix while the seeds are still within the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A as the gel and seeds flow from the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A, such as by friction against the walls; and (2) also sufficient to aid the separation of gel and seeds outside of but in contact with the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A in a controlled manner with the aid of air flow from the separator nozzle 340. The principal purpose of the vibrations is to maintain an even dispersion of seeds and gel as the gel and seed matrix flows through the nozzle after it has left direct contact with the auger's shear force members.

The vibrations should be at a frequency suitable for the purpose intended, and generally having a longer wave length than the diameter of the seeds. It should generally be between 20 cycles per second and 10,000 cycles per seconds with an amplitude of between one millimeter and three millimeters to prevent the seeds as they push through the nozzle 336A from being lodged in the exit and plugging the nozzle. The amplitude of the vibrations should be sufficient to create an inertia effect between the seed and the gel and, thus, is related to the viscosity of the gel and the density of the seeds.

The separator 246 is intended at regular intervals to force seeds and matrix arriving at the tip of the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A to be separated and drop to the ground. It may be a mechanical vibrator which passes across the opening or a rotating fan-like mechanism but in the preferred embodiment, is 0.025 psi above atmospheric pressure. To properly separate the seeds, the air stream should be between 1/20th of a pound per square inch and four pounds per square inch above atmospheric pressure or below atmospheric pressure if it is a vacuum pump positioned to remove gel and seeds and permit them to drop by gravity. Preferably, the air stream passes directly across the tip of the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336A in a vertical direction in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the planter or in the direction of the groove into which the seeds are to be dropped and perpendicular or at a slight angle in a plane aligned with the direction of motion of the planter or in the direction of the groove into which the seeds are to be dropped, the angle aligned with the direction of the motion of the planter or the groove being no more than 75 degrees on either side of a normal to the ground and being no more than 30 degrees from a normal to the ground in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the planter or the groove.

In FIG. 43, there is shown another embodiment of seed or particle feeder 244A connected to the separator 246 and having an identical vibrator 334 (shown in detail in FIG. 49), mounting bracket 352, bottom feed section 278A and shaft 330. However, the feed hopper 276B differs from the feed hopper 276A of FIG. 42. The differences are generally intended to accommodate larger seeds and larger volumes of seeds than that of the feed hopper 276A of FIG. 42 by making the movement of the seeds into the bottom feed section 278A easy while accommodating larger volumes of feedstock in the box.

The feed hopper 276B includes an enlarged top portion 360, an inwardly angled portion 362, a narrow portion 364 and an auger portion 366 which is attached to the bottom feed section 278A. The bottom feed section 278A has an auger 370 within it which is rotated by shaft 330 from a chain and sprocket section or from a motor to move the gel toward the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336B. The narrow portion 364 narrows down to force gel onto the auger 370 where it can be moved within the cylindrical bottom feed section 278A which encases it so that the shear surfaces of the auger 370 successively move the mixture to the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336B.

To facilitate flow of the mixture, the narrow portion 364 is at an angle so that the bottom feed section 278A tilts downwardly with the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336B being below the shaft 330. The narrow portion 364 connects the auger portion 366 with the inwardly angled portion 362 which causes the mixture to slide inwardly. The enlarged top portion 360 is above the inwardly angled portion 362 to contain more material and yet by gravity force the mixture downwardly onto the auger 370.

In FIG. 44, there is shown a plan view of the seed or particle feeder 244A having a feed hopper 276A, an auger 370, and the nozzle 336B. The feed hopper 276A has: (1) an open top end to receive gel and seed; and (2) a bottom end communicating with the auger 370 to supply a mixture of seed and gel thereto. To receive gel and seeds, the feed hopper 276A has: (1) an enlarged top portion 360 having a rectangular cross section with straight vertical sides; (2) a smaller center or connecting portion 362 having inwardly tapered walls connecting the top end portion and lower portions; (3) a lower narrow portion 364 having a rectangular insertion; and (4) an inwardly tapered section or auger portion 366 ending with the auger 370 at the bottom. The auger 370 has at one end a pin connection 372 for connecting to the shaft 330 to rotate the auger 370 and at its other end a termination land 374 intended to eject seeds. The auger 370 contains threads within a compartment 380 located at the bottom of the feed hopper 276A and opening upwardly into the feed hopper 276A. The threads of the auger extend within the nozzle 336B shown at 382, the bottom feed section 378A being a closed cylinder surrounding the end of the auger 370 and ending in an opening 384 which opening has tapered walls and an orifice through which the feedstock material such as seeds, particles, additives, and gel mixtures is moved. The bottom compartment 380 is not as long as the threaded portion of the shank of the auger. An unthreaded portion 381 of the auger, at least one inch long, fits within the compartment 380 for receiving gel to be moved by the auger 370 to the nozzle 336B.

The feed hopper 276A, auger 370 and bottom feed section 378A are designed with dimensions selected to prevent: (1) cracking of seeds between edges of the auger 370 and the nozzle 336A or feed hopper 276A; (2) the separation of seeds by laminar flow against surfaces, resulting in eventual blocking of the nozzle 336B; (3) pulsating output of seeds and gel caused by irregular delivery from the auger 370 through the opening 384; and (4) improper spacing of seeds by disruption of the even dispersion of seeds within the gel. To reduce cracking or slicing of the seeds, the angle of the threads of the auger 370 at their upper edge and the angle of the bottom feed section 378A or the feed hopper 276A at the location where the mixture is first pushed from the feed hopper 276A into the bottom feed section 378A are selected to avoid a scissor effect which may crush or slice seeds. For this purpose, the angle of the flight where it passes into the tube and the angle of the wall within the feed hopper 276A that it contacts are selected to be equal so that flight and wall operate as an edge moving parallel toward an edge. This structure permits maximum gel to be drawn into the bottom feed section 378A and avoids a scissor effect which may catch the seeds and crack or slice them.

To reduce the separation of seeds by laminar flow as the gel moves down the feed hopper 276A, the feed hopper 276A is of a sufficient size to create downward pressure into the auger compartment 380 and has angled walls which are related to the viscosity of the gel and the size and density of the seeds. The bottom angled surface is intended to channel the gel directly into the auger 370 rather than permitting it to lie against a flat surface where seeds may eventually separate out by slow motion of the gel or motion of the gel in a horizontal plane against the bottom of the feed hopper 276A. The straight surfaces are intended to create a head of weight which tends to force the gel downwardly with pressure against the slanted surfaces.

To prevent blocking near the end of the bottom feed section 378A where the matrix of seeds and gel enter it from the feed hopper 276A, the depth of the grooves in the auger is sufficiently deep and the angle of the threads sufficiently great to cause the gel mixture to be moved with only a small surface area of gel with a large bulk moving in contact with a stationary surface at a rate which is not conducive to laminar flow. The threads are shaped in this manner because laminar flow may otherwise cause separation of seeds against the surface of the grooves and eventually result in clogging. The actual flow is turbulent and conducive to some mixing that maintains the seeds in suspension.

The depth of the grooves in the auger varies with the size of the seed and the amount of gel. The angle of the threads is correlated with a number of factors to control the speed of movement of the surface of the gel against the walls of the bottom feed section 378A, the other factors being: (1) the spacing between seeds; (2) the speed of the planter across the ground; (3) the density of the seeds within the gel; (4) the angle of the threads of the auger 370; and (5) the number of revolutions per minute of the auger 370. To reduce separation at the exit end of the bottom feed section 378A, the angle of the termination land 374 is sharpened to push gel and seeds out at a greater velocity. Thus, the angle of the inlet end of the bottom feed section 378A matches the threads and the threads have an angle at that location which is different than the angle at the exit end.

To reduce plugging of the nozzles: (1) the angle of the termination land 374 and the angle of narrowing of the bottom feed section 378A are selected for maximum ejection separation and precision, (2) an air separator is used as described above; (3) a vibrator is used as described above; and (4) the gel mixture has sufficient solid and semisolid material in it to impart a force directly through the feedstock material rather than separating solids from gels. This permits movement through openings as little as one millimeter or less longer than the seeds rather than plugging as has happened with prior art efforts to pump gel mixture through a hose. The end thread of the auger extends into the tapered portion of the nozzle 336B to create a force as the taper occurs to reduce clogging. The vibration appears to create turbulence and avoids the lodging of the seeds at this location.

Since the viscosity of the gel affects both the settling rate and the ability to separate at the nozzle, it is chosen with both factors in mind. Some gels change in viscosity with time and so seeds which have been preconditioned are mixed with the gel and the gel immediately used since its viscosity can be controlled at the starting point. This also reduces the possibility of the gel drowning the seeds for lack of oxygen because of the short time that they are actually in the gel and yet permits rapid and synchronous emergence of plants that are planted from the fully hydrated seeds with the invention.

The threads 382 between grooves are shaped with a flat top edge which can closely engage the walls of the bottom feed section 378A and a thickness which is low compared to the size across of the groove to permit the gel and seed matrix to be carried in pockets sufficiently large as compared to the surfaces against which the open end of the grooves move so that with the auger 370 rotating at a speed sufficiently low, separation by laminar flow is low and a relatively non-slip friction surface to move the seeds is provided. Generally, the edges of the threads should be less than 1/10th of the open surface between threads in the grooves and the grooves should be at least as deep as the linear length of the open space except for small seeds. The diameter of the screw should be such with the above constraints as to prevent motion between the walls of the bottom feed section 378A and the gel greater than 36 linear inches per minute for average viscosity gels.

To prevent the output from pulsing, either: (1) the angle of the threads 382 is uniform; or (2) the ratio of depth to width of the grooves of the auger 370 are selected so that there is not a great difference in the delivery rate during different portions of a revolution of the auger 370. Similarly, the width of the edge and slope of the threads are selected to avoid a dead space into the nozzle 336B. A shallow, wide groove causes more of the gel and seed to be exposed to frictional and centrifugal forces while being moved toward the nozzle 336B in the bottom feed section 378A and thus creates better mixing for a uniform distribution of seeds but increases the possibility of the seeds being moved by frictional forces against the surface.

The angle of the threads, except for the front end, should be at least 15 degrees and is preferably 22 degrees with a pitch of 1.5 per inch single groove. The angle at the termination land 374 at the tip of the auger 370 is much sharper and should form an acute angle no greater than 15 degrees to cause a rapid acceleration of the matrix and seeds and gel at the tip. While in the preferred embodiment, the pitch and angle of the auger 370 is sharply increased only adjacent to the nozzle 336A (FIG. 42) or 336B, it may have a different pitch within the bottom feed section 378A than within the feed hopper 276A itself since the tendency to separate out is greater in the bottom feed section 378A where it is surrounded by tube wall with no open side. Throughout the auger 370, it is desirable to form the trailing edge of each thread to aerodynamically pull the gel forward and the forward edge to push the gel forward.

In FIG. 45, there is shown a fragmentary perspective view of a modified John Deere Max Emerge planter illustrating the positioning of the seed or particle feeder 344A, the planting shoe 310, the separator nozzle 340 and the gauge wheel 261A in a furrow preparing section 262A. As shown in this view, the planter is mounted to the gauge control wheels 261A behind the disk openers and to the access of the gauge control wheels where it floats as attached by the lever 312 to a floating adjustable support 313.

To permit floating at an adjustable height, the lever 312 is pinned at 315 to the level adjustment support 313 which is also mounted to the gauge wheel shaft at 317 but is adjustable in height thereabout by means of a lever 319, so that: (1) the tip of the shoe 310 is mounted at the same level as the disk opener adjacent to the depth gauge wheel 261A; (2) the rear portion of the lever 312 is pinned at 315 at a height adjustable by the lever 319 with its bottom connected to the top of the shoe 310; and (3) the shoe rear, the lever 312 and the level adjustment are all free to move upwardly or downwardly a short distance under the control of a spring bias lever 321 by pivoting about the pin 315 and shaft 317. Between the wings of the trailing section 318 of the shoe 310, the separator nozzle 340 and the nozzle of the bottom feed section 278A are positioned adjacent to each other to be shielded by the trailing edge 318. The amount of movement of the shoe 310 is insufficient to remove the separation tip and nozzle tip from the wings of the shoe at 318 where they are protected from dirt or wind which might otherwise disrupt their operation.

With this arrangement, room is provided within the furrow digging mechanism for the separator nozzle and seed or particle feeder nozzle within a protected location that shields the nozzles from being clogged by dirt or having the seed moved aside by excessive wind and yet permits them to be close to their final location with respect to the ground for planting. The amount of spring bias and dimensions of the shoe mounting are related so that the floating action of the shoe does not influence the fixture operation in a detrimental manner.

In FIGS. 46, 47 and 48, there are shown three different augers 392, 394 and 396, respectively, with the three augers being for different size seeds. The auger 392 has a shank with a larger diameter and a larger pitch or angle to the threads at the tip 398. The grooves between the threads are also larger and the threads have a smaller angle. It is adapted for seeds the size of corn. The auger 394 is for small seeds such as carrot or lettuce and has a tip 400 with a smaller pitch. Generally, it has a ½ inch outer diameter, with a one inch lead between the threads and a depth of ⅛ inch between the grooves bottom and the top edges of the threads. FIG. 48 shows an auger for medium size seeds such as onion seeds having a ¾ inch lead between the threads and a 0.40 depth of the groove. Its tip 400 is a still lower angle tip. In general, the augers have a pitch of between one-half inch and three inches and a groove depth of between 1/16 of an inch and three inches.

In FIG. 49, there is shown an elevational view of the vibrator 334 and a mounting bracket base 352, with the vibrator including an electromagnet 350 and a yoke 356. The mounting base 352 is connected to the mounting bracket 264 (FIG. 45) as described above, and the base 352 is connected to the vibrator by a top screw 351 for firm mounting. To permit vibration of the yoke 356 by the electromagnet 350, the electromagnet 350 includes a leaf spring 414, a ferromagnetic outer base 418, and a coil. A metal extension 410 is connected at 412 to the ferromagnetic leaf spring 414 which is biased a slight distance shown at 416 from the electromagnet 350. The outer base 418 is an inverted U-shaped ferromagnetic member having two end portions 420 and 434 and surrounding the electromagnetic coil which is electrically connected to a source of AC potential as described above. To vibrate the nozzle, the yoke 356 includes a downwardly extending arm 426 and a collar 428, with the arm 426 being connected to the ferromagnetic leaf spring 414, which is separated from the ends 420 and 434 by the gap 416 and attached at its other end to the collar 428 for vibrating the nozzle (FIG. 44) of the drive means for the seed or particle feeder 244A. Of course many other types of vibrators are known and can be used.

In FIG. 50, there is shown a nozzle 336B having a land 384 and one or more slits 337. The nozzle is made of an elastomeric material such as rubber and capable of expanding. The slits 337 and the rubber construction are adapted to seeds which have a small amount of gel with them and thus provide a solid mass to squeeze through the tip one by one in the singulation process, but not generally being able to escape by gravity. At the tip, they are vibrated by the vibrator as described above and singulated by air. In the alternative, the fixture 20C as described in connection with FIG. 22 may be used to separate the seeds one from the other and expel them.

In FIG. 51, there is shown a nozzle 336A which is formed of relatively rigid plastic and adapted to receive small seeds containing a large amount of gel. This nozzle does not expand but vibrates and has sections of gel removed by the separator containing seeds for singulation. The gel has sufficient self adhesion to prevent the seeds from escaping the tip of the nozzle prematurely by gravity.

In FIG. 52, there is shown another embodiment of seed or particle feeder 430 specially designed for careful placement of seeds by causing the seeds to fall within a group of preselected target areas. For this purpose, it includes a spacer 434 comprising a solenoid 432 and a solenoid operated lever 436 positioned in juxtaposition with the separator nozzle 340 and the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336. The solenoid 432 may be any type of solenoid capable of moving the solenoid operated lever 434 so that the lever moves a blocking mechanism 236 over the orifice in the separator nozzle 340 to interrupt the air therefrom. With this embodiment, the solenoid 432, when actuated, moves the solenoid operated lever 434 into the path of the separator nozzle 340 so that seeds and matrix are not forced from the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336 by a stream of air under pressure from the separator nozzle 340. When the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336 is directly over the target area, the solenoid 432 is deenergized to release the solenoid operated lever 434 and open a path for the air from the separator nozzle 340 to blow across the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336, thus removing the gel and seed which accumulated while the air was blocked from the seed or particle feeder nozzle 336. This can also be accomplished by other means such as by opening and closing a solenoid valve in the air supply 340.

In FIG. 53, there is shown a perspective view looking from the top of still another embodiment 440 of seed or particle feeder having a hopper 452 and first, second and third augers 446, 448 and 453. The hopper includes a rectangular outer wall portion 242, an inwardly tapered wall portion 444 ending in a flat bed which receives within recesses the augers 446, 448 and 453. This embodiment 440 is similar to prior embodiments except that there are three augers forming three drive means for three different rows of seeds within a single hopper 452.

In FIG. 54, there is shown another perspective view of the embodiment 440 of a three-row seed or particle feeder and separator showing the single hopper 452 mounted vertically with three nozzles 454, 456 and 458 extending therefrom to be vibrated by a single vibrator 470 having yokes about each of the nozzles for vibrating them as described above in connection with single row seed or particle feeders and separators. Adjacent and above each of the nozzles 454, 456 and 458 are corresponding separator nozzles 460, 462, and 464 adapted to be connected to a manifold 480 which receives a source of air under pressure at the connection 480 under the control of a valve 468 so as to control the pressure of the air flowing across the nozzles. This embodiment of seed or particle feeder and separator operates in the same manner as the prior embodiments and is adapted to be mounted to a planter to plant adjacent rows in close juxtaposition from a single hopper. It has the advantage of economy and the ability to plant closely spaced rows of seeds.

In FIG. 55, there is shown an embodiment of a gel-chemical dispenser 498 having a fixture 532A with an air source 340 and separation surface 540, and an additive line 538A connected to an additive source. The gel-chemical dispenser 498 may be used alone or mounted in tandem with a seed or particle feeder (FIG. 45) to have gel with additives separated by air from the nozzle 340 and deposited with seed from a seed or particle feeder such as that shown in FIG. 56 or alone.

The separator may be substantially the same as the separators used in the embodiment of FIG. 56 cooperates with the feeder 532A in FIG. 55 but may be arranged in any of the other arrangements described herein. A nozzle for the chemical additives similar to the nozzle 336A (FIG. 51) may also be used, and in this case the separator may be positioned in a manner similar to the position it is used in the seed or particle feeder 344A (FIG. 45) to deposit additives and gel or a separator may not be used at all to deposit a tubular column of gel and additives.

A pump 534 (FIG. 56) may be any suitable peristaltic pump such as for example peristaltic pumps sold under the trademark Masterflex by Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, Chicago, Ill., or gear pump or other precision low pressure pump which may be driven by an axle or wheel so as to synchronize pumping rate with travel speed or pumps sold by Cole-Parma under the trademark ISMATIC if driven by a separate motor controlled by the operator to maintain delivery speed in accordance with speed of the dispenser with respect to the field. Moreover, pumps that are capable of positive displacement at low pressure other than peristaltic pumps may be used.

The fixture 532A may be vibrated in a manner similar to the embodiment of FIG. 45 or may rely only on the force of the vibrator 334 to cause a continuous substantially uniform gel-chemical additive to be applied. In one embodiment, the fixture 532A is cut away at 540A to provide an open top channel to receive gel and the nozzle 540 of the separator is positioned to direct air under pressure directly at the open top of the channel and thus form a mist of gel-additive spray that is uniformly spread over any area. The opening is adjusted so that chemical additives are economically used and may be contained by the gel at a concentration such that uniform and adequate distribution with the gel is obtained at the appropriate rate by controlling the pump speed, size of fixture 532A and speed of movement across a field with respect to the concentration of the material being applied.

In FIG. 56, there is shown a agricultural input dispensing system 499 adapted to be pulled across a field to provide additives having a pump 334, a chemical tank 330, an air manifold 350, a ground wheel drive 352, air lines 446A-446H, chemical lines 538A-538H and nozzles 532A-532H. The pump 334 is driven by the ground wheel 352 to pump a gel-additive matrix or concentrated chemical additive through the chemical lines 538A-538H. Air from two blowers 354 and 356 pressurize the manifold 350 to a pressure controlled by air pressure adjustment valve 358 as measured by an air pressure gauge 360. Air under pressure is applied through the air lines 446A-446H to the nozzles 532A-532H to spray droplets of the material being applied. The material being applied should resist dripping from the nozzle or fixture in most cases of applying material. Viscosity in relation to conduit or nozzle size is a principal means for preventing such excessive free movement.

This system has the advantage of: (1) reducing the amount of chemical additive and carrier because it is viscous and may be slowly but evenly distributed; and (2) is not susceptible to clogging because reasonable size nozzle openings may be used and the gel may be expelled through them with substantial force to keep them clear without using excessive amounts of gel or additive. Before operating the planter or applicator of FIGS. 21-23 of this invention, seeds having characteristics suitable for fluid drilling are selected. The seeds may be activated initially through priming, dried to terminate activation, stored until planting time, mixed with a gel and then fed from a planter as the planter traverses the field in properly spaced orientation for rapid germination and emergence.

To precondition the seeds, the seeds are permitted to absorb water at proper germination temperatures as described by Bredford, Kent J. “Seed Priming: Techniques to Speed Seed Germination”, Proceedings of the Ore on Horticultural Society, 1984, v. 25, pp. 227-233. After reaching activation but prior to growth, the seeds are usually removed from the priming system and dried although they can be directly planted rather than being dried and later rehydrated.

Prior to planting, a gel is prepared from commercial powders such as those sold by Hercules, Inc., 910 Market Street, Wilmington, Del., under the trademark “NATROSOL” (hydroxyethylcellulose). Generally, the gel is prepared in the manner described by the manufacturer which, in the preferred embodiment, is Hercules, Inc., as described in their Bulletin 450-11 revision 10-80m 10M07640H entitled NATROSOL.

The viscosity of the gel used in fluid drilling in accordance with this invention when Natrosol is the gel agent should be between 800 and 5000 centipoise. Preferably, for relatively small seeds such as cabbage, the mixture is prepared to yield soft gel having a viscosity of between 1,800 and 2,000 centipoise; for medium sized seeds a medium strength gel having a viscosity of between 2,500 to 3,000 centipoise and for large seeds, a heavy strength, having a viscosity of between 3,000 to 4,000 centipoise. The volume of gel to seed is in a range of ratios of between 1 to 1 and 4 to 1 and preferably a range of 3 to 1 for small seeds. The seeds and gel are preferably mixed together within three hours before planting. Additives such as microorganisms having beneficial effects on the plants may be added to infect the seeds or pesticides and fertilizers or growth hormones may be added to the gel at the same time it is mixed or after but before planting. The matrix of seeds and gel are mixed and put into the feed hoppers 276A and 276B as shown in FIGS. 35, 36, 42-44.

Beneath the gel mixture is a drive mechanism for the seed or particle feeder which includes means for moving pockets of gel and seed as groups along at least partially enclosing surfaces to reduce the amount of motion between gel surfaces and solid surfaces. The hopper into which the gel is formed generally requires surfaces arranged to reduce the removal of seeds by friction against the surfaces during flow of the material. Similarly, the drive mechanism is designed to have a reduced area of contact between solid surfaces and the moving surface of the gel and for this purpose, an auger is used. To avoid plugging of the auger by reducing the separation of seeds and gel, there should be sufficient solid material in the material being moved to apply direct force to the seeds and other particles rather than moving the fluidic material around the solid particles. Preferably for most seeds and gel mixtures, the helical grooves in the auger should be between ¼ inch and ½ inch in depth and between ⅛ inch and 1½ inches between threads, with the threads being no more than ⅕ of the distance between threads in thickness and no less than ⅕ of the depth of the grooves. With this arrangement, a relatively pulseless flow is provided of pockets of gel with a relatively small moving surface of insufficient velocity to cause substantial separation of seeds.

As the auger carries pockets of matrix of gel and seed through a distribution tube toward a feed nozzle, the threads of the augers approach the edge of the bottom seed section or the hopper, whichever is first, but approach it in a parallel fashion with an angle corresponding to the angle of the hopper. This prevents the squeezing of seeds and cracking or slicing of the seeds as they pass into the auger delivery tube in the bottom feed section 278A (FIG. 44). The seeds are conveyed by the auger to an end thread which is at a relatively sharp angle to thrust the gel forward through the vibrating nozzle. As the seeds and gel pass through the orifice in the nozzle, there is a tendency for them to accumulate. However, air under pressure blows downwardly with a pressure of at least one-twentieth of a pound per square inch and 10 pounds per square inch across the nozzle in a direction along a plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the delivery tube and perpendicular to the ground, with the air flow being at an angle to the ground no more than 60 degrees on either side of a normal in a plane along the longitudinal axis of the auger and no more than 30 degrees from the normal to the ground in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the auger.

The hopper and feed mechanism are pulled along a field during the delivery of seeds and include a furrow opener and a modified widening shoe for larger seeds, which spreads the earth into a wide furrow. Furrow closing and pressing wheels close the furrow and, in one embodiment, control the rate of rotation of the auger so as to adjust the dispensing of seeds to the speed of the tractor. In other embodiments, the seeds are detected or the rate of turning of the auger is detected and displayed to the tractor operator who pulls the planter at a speed corresponding to the auger speed.

For certain seeds which are relatively large and planted deeper, such as sweet corn, the furrow opener has mounted to it a blade extending downwardly an additional inch to create a deeper groove for the seed to drop further into the furrow. In embodiments of planters which are intended to drop seeds through spaced apart apertures in plastic or the like for accurate stands, a solenoid operated blocking device is timed to block air until the seed is about to be dispensed and then move the blocking plate away so that the air will blow matrix and seed into the aperture in the plastic. While an individual auger has been described through the center of a single hopper, multiple augers may be utilized positioned so that the gel flows into the auger with adequate pressure. In such a case, each auger will terminate in a separate nozzle vibrated by a vibrator and utilizing a separator. It is possible to use one vibrator to vibrate several nozzles.

In FIG. 57, there is shown a block diagram of a control system 490 for a planter or applicator such as the planter or applicator 100 shown in FIG. 22 having mounted within the vehicle a set of manual controls 494, a set of panel displays 496, a microprocessor 451, a set of output devices 500 that are operated by the manual controls 494 and certain measuring instruments 502 which cooperate with the manual controls 494 in microprocessor 451 to provide displays 496 and proper operation of the output devices 500

The output devices 500 include boom motors 514, booms 516 containing fixtures on them, a centrifugal blower 518, a variable frequency drive or converter or generator 520 and a feedstock pump 522. The booms 516 are raised or lowered automatically. In the preferred embodiment, they are raised or lowered by DC motors 514 under the control of manual controls in the cab to vary their elevation in accordance with the requirements for spraying.

For certain agricultural uses, material may be sprayed at one elevation, usually a higher elevation in a crop, in relatively viscous form, or with larger drops and at a lower elevation in more mobile form or smaller drops since the more viscous droplets will be less subject to drift. The centrifugal blower 518 is controlled by the microprocessor 451 to control the air pressure applied to the fixture and thus vary the drop distribution. The microprocessor 451 may adjust for the velocity of the vehicle to apply feedstock material at the appropriate rate. Air pressure transducer 526 supplies information to the microprocessor 451 so that the panel mounted manual control for air pressure 508 in the manual controls 494 which is also connected to the microprocessor 451 may be adjusted to the preset rate by controlling the centrifugal blower 518 through the microprocessor 451. The feedstock pump 522 is controlled as to pumping rate by the signal from the variable frequency generator 520 to which it is connected. The microprocessor 451 controls the variable frequency generator 520 in response to the changes in the speed of the vehicle and signals from the panel mounted manual controls 494 relating to the rate of application to the field so that the rate of application may be continued at a constant appropriate preset rate per unit area even though the speed of the vehicle changes.

The measuring systems 502 include a global positioning system 524, an air pressure transducer 526 and a feedstock flow rate meter 528, each of which is electrically connected to the microprocessor 451. The GPS 524 may monitor the speed the vehicle is traveling and supply this information to the microprocessor 451 to adjust the rate of the flow of the feedstock material and the air pressure or other variables in a fixture mounted to the booms 516 and thus maintain the appropriate distribution of droplets. Similarly, the air pressure transducers 526 and feedstock flow rate meters 528 supply feedback signals to the microprocessor 451 to maintain the appropriate air pressure and feedstock flow rate under varying conditions.

The manual controls 494 include a panel mounted manual control for boom elevation 506, a panel mounted manual control for rate of application of feedstock 504 and a panel mounted manual control for air pressure 508. In the preferred embodiment, the panel mounted manual control for boom elevation 506 is directly controlled by the operator of the vehicle who adjusts by sight to the appropriate field conditions. The panel mounted manual control for rate of application 504 and the panel mounted manual control for air pressure 508 may be utilized by the operator viewing the sprayed material in making appropriate adjustments by sight based on experience. On the other hand, an inexperienced operator may rely upon preset values which are controlled for varying conditions by the sensors feeding signals to the microprocessor 451.

To aid in controlling the spray, the operator may rely upon the displays 496 in addition to visually observing the spray. The displays 496 include a drop size distribution display 510 and a rate of application display 512 which receive signals from the microprocessor 451 which correlates the measured values and supplies signals based on its internal calculations to its displays.

From the above description, it can be understood that the planting apparatuses and methods of this invention have several advantages such as: (1) there is less damage to seed because of the controlled water up take; (2) it is economical in the use of gel per acre; (3) there is less damage to seeds from lack of oxygen or drowning or the like; (4) the seeds may be controlled for spacing in a superior manner during drilling; (5) there is good control over uniformity in the time of emergence of the plants from the seeds; and (6) the process is economical.

From the above description, it can be understood that the spray method and apparatus of this invention has several advantages such as for example: (1) vehicles and aircraft used for applying agricultural inputs to fields do not need to carry as heavy a load of carrier fluid to apply agricultural inputs, for example, they can carry the same active ingredients as prior art agricultural inputs with a reduction in water of as much as 90 percent; (2) they reduce or eliminate the requirement for periodic addition of carrier fluid, thus reducing the time and expense of spraying; (3) they permit the application of some beneficial microbes with seeds because the agricultural inputs containing microbes can be applied at pressures low enough to avoid killing the microbes; (4) the high viscosity, relatively large drop size and narrow size distribution of the agricultural inputs reduce drift when sprayed; (5) it is possible to avoid diluting agricultural inputs with carriers such as water that have high surface tension and form beads on contact rather than spreading such over a leaf; (6) drops of agricultural inputs with greater shear resistance can be used to reduce the breaking up of the drops and the resulting increase in drop size distribution decreases drift, and reduction in drop size increased drift; (7) it is not necessary to add carriers used for dilution, such as water, that have unpredictable mineral content and pH variations; (8) the tendency for active ingredients to precipitate out because of the addition of carriers is reduced; (9) in some embodiments, the particle size of active ingredients can be reduced and thus provide better penetration into a host; and (10) increases constant rate per unit area.

It can be further understood from the above description that the planter in accordance with this invention has several advantages such as: (1) it can provide effective fluid drilling with adequate separation of seeds; (2) it can provide planting of seeds with superior beneficial microbe inoculation characteristics; (3) it can combine effective planting with beneficial chemical and microbial additives; (4) it provides good separation of seeds being planted without repeated mixing of the fluid and the seeds; (5) there is less damage to seed because of controlled priming in the presence of air and controlled water uptake; (6) it is economical in the use of gel per acre; (7) there is less damage to seeds in the planting operation; (7) the seeds may be controlled for spacing in a superior manner during drilling; (8) there is good control over uniformity in time of emergence of the plants from the seeds; and (9) it permits protection of the seed and addition of additives economically.

It can also be understood from the above description that the method, formulations and apparatus for forming fibers in accordance with this invention have several advantages, such as: (1) longer fibers can be formed; (2) chitosan fibers, mats and sheets can be more economically and better formed; (3) fibers can be formed without electrospinning; and (4) scale up is facilitated.

While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described with some particularity, many modifications and variations in the preferred embodiment are possible without deviating from the invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described. 

1. A method of fluid drilling, comprising the steps of: mixing seeds with gel wherein the mixture comprises at least one of solid and semisolid particles and non-Newtonian fluids with at least one part by volume to three parts by volume of said at least one of solid and semisolid particles to one part of said non-Newtonian fluids; conveying said mixture to a nozzle with an auger having threads separated by grooves in a helical path with the upper surfaces of the edges of the auger being no more than one-fifth the distance between threads and no more than one-fifth the depth of the grooves, whereby a substantial amount of gel is moved with respect to surface area of the gel contacting surface areas of the grooves.
 2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising the steps of permitting said gel to flow downwardly from a hopper into the auger, whereby the auger carries the gel into a distribution tube having a tip with the flights of the auger corresponding to the angle of transition between the hopper and the tube, whereby the thread approaches the edge of the tube in a substantially parallel manner to the edge of the tube and the auger carries the gel to the tip.
 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the gel is moved in an auger includes the step of moving the gel in an auger through said distribution tube toward inwardly slanting inner walls ending in a narrow orifice with a last thread of said auger extending part way into a portion of the tube having inwardly sloped walls to form a nozzle and pushing said gel with a land on the end of the auger with high velocity because of its sharp angle.
 4. A method according to claim 3 in which the step of conveying said seeds to the nozzle with an auger includes the step of conveying said seeds into an auger having grooves with a depth of between one-quarter of an inch and one-half of an inch and spaces between the grooves of between one-eighth of an inch and one and one-half inches.
 5. A method according to claim 2 further including the step of periodically forcefully removing the gel and the seed from the tip of said nozzle.
 6. A method according to claim 2 in which the step of periodically forcefully removing the gel and seed includes at least one of the steps of: blowing air across the tip of said nozzle whereby the seeds and the gel are separated thereby; and periodically separating the gel and the seeds from the tip of said nozzle in coordination with target areas for receiving the seeds; and periodically causing air to flow across said nozzle tip; and blowing air under a pressure of at least one-tenth of a pound per square inch and no more than 20 pounds per square inch across the nozzle in a direction along the plane passing through a longitudinal axis of a delivery tube and substantially perpendicular to the ground, said angle along the longitudinal axis of the delivery tube being no more than 60 degrees on either side of a normal to the ground within a plane passing through a longitudinal axis of the auger and being no more than 30 degrees from a normal to the ground in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis to the auger; and vibrating said nozzle at a frequency having a longer wave length than the diameter of the seeds; and vibrating said nozzle at a frequency of between 20 cycles per second and 10,000 cycles per second with an amplitude between one and 25 millimeters, whereby the seeds as they pass through the nozzle are prevented from plugging the nozzle; and vibrating the nozzle with a frequency and amplitude sufficient to create an inertia effect between the seeds and the gel.
 7. A method according to claim 2 further including: the step of preparing a furrow in the ground; moving said nozzle above said furrow, whereby seeds and gel are deposited in the furrow; and closing said furrow over the gel and seeds.
 8. A method according to claim 2 further including the step of opening a seed trench and enlarging it with a planting shoe and causing said seeds and gel to drop in a furrow between two outspread shields of said planting shoe.
 9. A method according to claim 8 in which said nozzle is positioned with a source of air immediately above it and both the source of air and nozzle being between one-half inch and five inches from the bottom of the furrow.
 10. A method according to claim 2 in which the seeds are expelled from said nozzle between shields of a planting shoe at a distance from the ground sufficient to avoid clogging by dirt or moving outside a furrow being prepared by the planting shoe by vibrations.
 11. A method according to claim 2 wherein the gel and seeds are moved by at least one of: an auger in a delivery tube from the bottom of a hopper to the nozzle in grooves sufficiently large to have reduced surface friction and a pitch of 1.5 threads per inch at an angle of at least 15 degrees, with a sharper angle at the nozzle forward end of the auger to impel seeds and gel through the nozzle, with minimum separation of the seeds along the auger by frictional forces; and an auger having a width which is less than one-tenth of the open surface between threads and less than one-tenth of the depth of the threads, whereby few seeds are removed by laminar flow along the surface of the auger; and a gel having a viscosity in the range of 1,800 to 3,000 centipoises; and a gel in the case of large seeds, which gel has volume equal to the volume of the seeds; and a gel in the case of smaller seeds, which gel has a volume twice the volume of seeds; and a gel which for large seeds has a range of between half the volume of the seeds to four times the volume of the seeds; a gel for small seeds in a range of between the same volume of the seeds and ten times the volume of the seeds; and a gel having a viscosity sufficient to maintain the seeds in suspension to the extent they will not drop a distance greater than the height of the thread of the auger carrying them through a delivery to the nozzle; and an auger having grooves with the auger rotating at a speed slower than the time it takes for gel to move from the top edge of the auger thread to the bottom of the groove in a one-half revolution.
 12. An auger, comprising: a shank; said shank having a first end and a second end; said shank being between two inches and six feet long and having diameters of between 1/16th of an inch to six inches; at least a portion of said shank extending from a first end including helical grooves defining helical threads therebetween, whereby turning of said auger moves gel from a portion along said shank toward said one end; and a depth and width of said grooves being sufficient to avoid separation of seeds from the auger to cause plugging.
 13. An auger in accordance with claim 12 having pitch angles on a screw graduated from low angles at an inlet to facilitate feeding a seed gel mixture to higher angles in a delivery tube section to give a friction pumping surface to move the gel seed mixture.
 14. An auger in accordance with claim 13 wherein the screw in effect provides a motive force for delivering fluid while at the same time providing a moving delivery tube wall to dislodge any seed pile ups and further, it effectively singulates seeds into the delivery tube.
 15. An auger in accordance with claim 14 in which said threads have a pitch of between one-half inch and three inches and a tip at a first end of said auger has an angle no greater than 15 degrees and the threads along said shank have an angle at least as great as 15 degrees.
 16. A fluid drilling feeder, comprising: a hopper; said hopper having an open top portion and a narrower compartment at its bottom; an auger; a delivery tube; a nozzle; said auger fitting in said compartment at its bottom and extending outwardly; said delivery tube connecting said compartment at its bottom with said nozzle and circumscribing said auger; said auger extending into a tip of said nozzle.
 17. A fluid drilling feeder in accordance with claim 16 further comprising separator means for separating material from the tip of said nozzle, said separator means including means for exerting a downward force across the tip of said nozzle; and means for vibrating said nozzle, whereby seeds are maintained sufficiently in fluid with gel to avoid plugging of said nozzle
 18. Apparatus for encapsulating materials comprising: a fixture having at least first, second and third outlets; means for forcing feedstock fluid containing at least one of agricultural input, an animal foodstuff and a medication from said first outlet; means for forcing a first kinetic energy fluid at a first velocity from said second outlet in a direction that impacts against said feedstock fluid; and means for forcing a second kinetic energy fluid at a second velocity different from said first velocity from said second outlet in a direction that impacts against said feedstock fluid; whereby said feedstock fluid is formed into at least one of nanofibers and nanoparticles whereby the at least one of an agricultural input, an animal foodstuff and a medication is encapsulated.
 19. Apparatus in accordance with claim 18 wherein said feedstock material includes chitosan.
 20. A method of spraying comprising the steps of: moving a vehicle over an agricultural field; selecting a concentration of fluid that is optimum in effectiveness as an agricultural input; carrying a supply of fluid at the optimum concentration on said vehicle; causing said optimum concentration fluid to form an elongated path on an edge of a fixture; forcing a kinetic energy fluid against said elongated path, whereby drops are sprayed of said optimum concentration.
 21. A method of spraying in accordance with claim 20 wherein the spraying is with low drift comprising the steps of: moving a vehicle over an agricultural field; selecting a drop size and concentration of fluid that has reduced drift under the environmental conditions exiting at the time of spraying; selecting a velocity of a kinetic energy fluid; causing said fluid to form an elongated path on an edge of a fixture with a thickness that will result in optimum drop size with the selected concentration and with the selected velocity of a low pressure kinetic energy fluid impacting it; and forcing a kinetic energy fluid against said elongated path at the selected velocity, whereby drops are sprayed with the optimum drop size.
 22. A method in accordance with claim 21 wherein the size drop is selected based on the height of the boom from which the drops are sprayed. 